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Term 5: Neuro > 5/27- Hypothalamus > Flashcards

5/27- Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior boundary markers of hypothalamus?

A
  • Lamina terminalis
  • Anterior commissure
  • Optic chiasm
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2
Q

Posterior boundary markers of hypothalamus?

A
  • Posterior comissure
  • Mammillary body
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3
Q

Major functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Integrative center (essential for survival and replication)

Maintain homeostasis (interacts w/ 4 major systems):

  • Homeostatic mechs (eating, thirst, sleeping, temp reg…)
  • Endocrine control (via pituitary)
  • Autonomic control
  • Limbic mechs (memory, emotion, motivation/drives)
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4
Q

4 Regions of medial hypothalamus?

(picture)

A
  • Posterior region (mammillary)
  • Middle region (tuberal)— most homeostatic
  • Anterior region (suprapoptic)
  • Preoptic region

The fornix divides the hypothalamus into 2 main halves (medial and lateral)

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5
Q

Kodachrome pic

A

Can see lateral and medial hypothalamus divided by the fornix on the angry birds slide

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6
Q

Major nuclei (8) in the hypothalamus (picture)?

A

Posterior region (mammillary):

  1. Posterior nucleus

Middle region (tuberal):

  1. Dorsomedial nucleus
  2. Ventromedial nucleus
  3. Arcuate nucleus

Anterior region (supraoptic):

  1. Supraoptic nucleus
  2. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  3. Paraventricular nucleus

Preoptic region:

  1. Preoptic nucleus
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7
Q

Role of mammillary body?

A
  • Connected to limbic system
  • Thought to be involved in memory
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8
Q

Cross sectional view of anterior hypothalamus (pic)

A

.

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9
Q

Cross sectional view of medial region of hypothalamus (pic)

A

.

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10
Q

Cross sectional view of posterior region of hypothalamus (pic)

A

.

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11
Q

Role of preoptic nucleus?

A
  • Endocrine (releasing hormones [GnRH] in pituitary, sexual, maternal, paternal behaviors)
  • Temperature regulation
  • Fluid balance
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12
Q

Role of paraventricular nucleus?

A
  • Endocrine regulation (stress homeostasis): Vasopressin (ADH), Oxytocin (3Ls: lactation, labor, love)
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13
Q

Role of anterior hypothalamus?

A

PS responses

  • Reduced heart rate
  • Enhanced GIT secretomotor activity
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14
Q

Role of suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Circadian rhythms and sleep/wake cycles

  • Vasopressin
  • Biological rhythm regulation for hormone release
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15
Q

Role of supraoptic nucleus

A
  • Endocrine
  • Water homeostasis:
  • Vasopressin (ADH)
  • Oxytocin
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16
Q

Role of dorsomedial nucleus?

A
  • Feeding
  • Drinking
  • Body weight regulation

(Activation promotes obesity and emotional behaviors)

17
Q

Role of ventromedial nucleus?

A
  • Appetitive (hunger and satiety balance)
  • Consummatory behaviors (reproduction)
  • Rage
18
Q

Role of arcuate nucleus?

A
  • Endocrine regulation (releasing factors into portal system)
  • Feeding (hunger and satiety)
19
Q

Role of posterior nucleus?

A

Sympathetic responses

  • Increases HR
  • Reduces GIT secretomotor activity
20
Q

Role of mammillary bodies

A

Memory (Papez Circuit)

  • Integrates info from limbic system via fornix
21
Q

Integrative functions of hypothalamus (5)?

A
  1. Controls BP and electrolytes (drinking/appetite)
  2. Regulates body temp (via ANS)
  3. Regulates energy metabolism (influences feeding, digestion, and metabolism)
  4. Regulates reproduction through hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation
  5. Directs responses to stress/threatening conditions by influencing blood flow to specific tissues and by stimulating secretion of adrenal stress hormones and activating the ANS
22
Q

What are afferent inputs into the hypothalamus (4)? and major inputs/origins (3)?

A
  1. Limbic system
  2. Brain stem
  3. Retina
  4. Cortex

Major:

  1. Fornix (from hippocampus)
  2. Stria terminalis (from amygdala)
  3. Medial forebrain bundle (from brainstem nuclei)
23
Q

Fornix (afferent) carries information from where to where? (test)

A

From hippocampus to:

  • Medial hypothalamus
  • Mammillary body

(- Anterior thalamic nucleus)

(- Pre/postcommissural fornices)

(- Septal area)

24
Q

Stria terminalis (afferent) carries information from where to where? (test)

A

From amygdala to medial hypothalamus

25
Q

Medial forebrain bundle (afferent) carries information from where to where? (test)

A

From septal area to:

- (medial) hypothalamus

- Brain stem

26
Q

What are the efferent outputs from the hypothalamus (3)?

A
  1. Limbic system
  2. Brainstem nuclei
  3. Endocrine system (via pituitary)
27
Q

What are the efferent projections from the mammillary bodies (destination/tracts)?

A
  • Anterior thalamic nucleus (mammillothalamic tract)
  • Cingulate gyrus (thalamocortical fibers from anterior thalamic nucleus)
  • Midbrain tegmentum and reticular formation (mammillotegmental tract)
28
Q

What are the efferent projections from the medial hypothalamus?

A

(Like a feedback loop)

Ascending/descending fibers:

  • Periaqueductal grey (PAG)
  • Amygdala
  • Prefrontal cortex

(- Midbrain tegmentum ?)

(- Spinal cord)

(- Hippocampus (different tract))

29
Q

What are the efferent projections from the medial forebrain bundle (lateral hypothalamus)?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Septal area
  • Midbrain reticular formation
  • Periaqueductal grey (PAG)
30
Q

Hypothalamic- Hypophyseal efferents (2 tracts)?

A

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract Tuberoinfundibular tract

31
Q

What does the hyopthalamo-hypophyseal tract connect?

A

From: paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

To: posterior lobe of pituitary

32
Q

What does the tuberoninfundibular tract connect?

A

From: medial hypothalamic and arcuate nuclei

To: anterior lobe of pituitary (portal circulation)

33
Q

Anatomical location of disorder:

Feeding (obesity/emaciation)

A

Obesity: lesions of ventromedial hypothalamus Emaciation: lateral hypothalamus

34
Q

Anatomical location of disorder:

Diabetes insipidus

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (Vasopressin/ADH)

35
Q

Anatomical location of disorder:

Hypertension

A

Paraventricular nucleus

(excess release of CRH- corticotropin releasing hormone)

36
Q

Anatomical location of disorder:

Endocrine disorders

A

Pituitary ademonas

(prolactin releasing hormone from arcuate nucleus)

37
Q

Anatomic causes of amnesia?

A

Damage to:

  • Hippocampi
  • Mammillary bodies
  • Fornices
38
Q

TAKE HOME:

  • The hypothalamus is critical for orchestration of endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses
  • Higher regions of the brain (in limbic forebrain) also participate in these responses
  • Hypothalamus is heavily interconnected with the limbic areas
A

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Term 5: Neuro (24 decks)

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