6/28 Psych/soc Flashcards
What is the difference between assimilation and socialization?
Socialization is one’s initial process for learning about life while assimilation is the process of adopting a new culture once already socialized
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Stimulus triggers physiological response which then leads to conscious emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Cognitive and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently. They are followed by a behavioral response.
Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Stimulus leads to physiological response, then cognitive interpretation of circumstances, and then perception of emotion.
Experiment reliability
Consistency
Experiment validity
Accuracy
Functionalism
Sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals in that society
Symbolic Interactionism
Society is possible because of the shared meanings and social patterns during interaction
Conflict Theory
Society is a competition for limited resources
Maslow’s Self-Actualization Theory
The highest level in Maslow’s hierarchy: a level of high achievement in which you have done all you can and have accomplished your goals to the best of your ability
Altruism
Selflessness and concern for others
Cultural Relativism
A person’s beliefs and health behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture
Folkways
Casual norms that govern everyday behavior
Mores
Strict norms that determine ethics (what’s right and wrong)
Taboos
Considered unacceptable by almost every culture
Social desirability bias
Response bias that is the tendency of respondents to answer questions in a way that will be viewed favorably by others
Test-retest bias
Participants take the same exam again
Researcher bias
Study’s design is biased
Kinship of affinity
Individuals are related by choice rather than blood
Freud’s id
Unconscious primal desires
Freud’s superego
Moral purpose
Freud’s ego
Conscious balance between id and superego
Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory
Cardinal trait (organize entire life around) Central traits (defining characteristics inferred from behaviors) Secondary traits (only occur sometimes)
John B. Watson’s Little Albert Experiment
Classical conditioning and stimulus generalization to make young boy fear furry objects
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment
Individuals conform to a group view even if it clearly deviates from the correct answer
Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment
Observational learning for aggressive behavior
Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment
Put people into roles of guards and prisoners. People will readily conform to social roles they’re expected to play beyond how they would act in normal life.
Anomie
Society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness (breakdown of social bonds)
Availability heuristic
People make judgments based on information that is immediately available to them
Negativity bias
Focusing on the negative aspects of a situation
Hippocampus function
Memory
Prefrontal cortex function
Executive decision making
External validity
Generalizability to entire population
Face validity
The degree to which the study addresses what it’s intended to address
Internal validity
The degree to which casual conclusions can be drawn from the study
Content validity
Whether a study comprehensively accounts for all relevant facets of phenomenon investigated
EEG
Images active parts of brain (bloodflow)
Functional MRI
Map active parts of brain
PET Scans
Measure radioactive emissions (from glucose) to see areas of high and low activity and detect cancer
CT Scans
3D (stationary) image
Structural MRI
Just examines anatomy (not activity)
The Darwinian Theory of Emotion
Emotion from its value in successful reproduction
Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
Individuals make different interpretations about stimuli
Role strain
Problem fitting into existing role
Role conflict
2 roles coming into conflict
Difference between primary and secondary aging
Primary aging only involves biological factors and the physical body while secondary aging involves behavioral factors (diet/exercise)
GABA
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS
Reciprocal determinism
A person’s behavior influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment
Social loafing
Individuals don’t pull their weight in a group setting
Deindividuation
Person doesn’t feel accountable for actions based on actions of others in group
Social facilitation
Improved performance within group
Social control
Enforcement of conformity
Social cognitive theory
People learn by watching others and are more likely to copy behaviors if they see others rewarded
Ratio level of measurement
There are a range of quantitative responses ordered at equally spaced intervals and with it being possible to score 0
Difference between assimilation and integration?
In assimilation one rejects their native culture while in integration they identify with both the new and native cultures
Relative deprivation theory
Individuals who perceive themselves as having less than others will act in ways obtain these resources
General strain theory
Individuals who have experienced negative events feel negative emotions which lead to negative behaviors
