6 - 1848 onwards Flashcards
sum up oppositions 1840s
> Austria : Northern Italy, Hungary, Bohemia-Moravia.
Prussia : Polish and Danish nationalisms
> only Britain and Russia didn’t experience revolutions
February Revolution in France
problem of legitimacy of July monarchy + international humiliation
1840-1: republicans campaigning for electoral reform
Post 1846 : economic crisis and new republican campaign for electoral reform
February 23 : 40 people killed during demonstrations in Paris against premier Guizot who banned a giant reform banquet
February 24 : – Louis-Philippe’s abdication
– Second French Republic
> > Provisional government : 9 republicans + 2 socialists (Louis Blanc)
→ Universal male suffrage and abolition of slavery in the French colonies
> immediate opposition
(from royalists - legitimists & orléanistes - notables, bonapartists + divisions between staunch and moderate republicans)
intensification of political life BUT eco crisis
> > REFORMS : taxes, Mobile Guard, National Workshops (eventually eliminated and riots), Luxembourg Commission
April 1848 : Constituent Assembly - conservative majority, monarchists
Echoes in Europe of the French “social revolution”
German uprisings
Rapid echoes from France (newspapers, trade associations & mutual aid societies)
radicals vs liberals
Feb Rev → fear of contagion, concessions
» “March Governments” : liberals in ministerial positions, freedom of press and other liberties
Prussia
Quasi immediate concessions:
> Promises of reform - end press censorship and constitution
> Liberal cabinet
“March Days” : 250 dead during shooting Berlin
» Turmoil and more concessions from the king - Ø abdication
Poland
The Greater Poland Uprising
» strengthened will from what was happening Berlin
3rd attempt at emancipation, 3rd failure
> > against Prussian domination
– Starting in Silesia
– Polish National Committee
– The Prussians stand firm
– Late May 1848: rebellion crushed by Prussian troops
Habsburg Central Europe
Both liberal and nationalistic evolutions
Against the Habsburg autocracy not the Habsburgs themselves
> Typical claims from liberals (Austrian and Czech++) = constitutional reform, complete emancipation of peasantry, greater administrative efficiency for the lands, freedom of press and expansion of electoral franchise
March 1848 : usual scenario in Vienna, demonstrations, kills»_space; and usual concessions
September 1848 : fearing rural rebellions - abolition of all remaining feudal and seigneurial obligations
Hungary and Bohemia-Moravia
HUNGARY
> Aiming at independence = main nationalist threat against the rule of Vienna among many others that could be influenced by a Hungarian success
> Concessions : a complete Hungarian autonomy within the Empire
PRAGUE
demanded same autonomy and extension of borders
Italian States
March 1848: insurrections Lombardy Venetia + Papal states
> usual divisions liberals vs radicals
> concessions Tuscany Piedmont-Sardinia
> Provisional republican government Milan
> > Early August 1848 : Austrian victory at Custoza against Piedmont-Sardinia and a shaky Italian alliance : armistice and Habsburg save their position
= end of 1st wave of Risorgimiento
France : From Republic to Empire - 4 steps
1) MAY-JUNE 1848
2) PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS & LN BONAPARTE
3) DECEMBER 1851
4) TOWARDS THE EMPIRE
France : From Republic to Empire - STEP ONE
MAY-JUNE 1848
> far left that tried to dissolve the Constituent Assembly to proclaim a “social” republic
failed and leaders arrested
closure of the National Workshops
Three “June Days” of uprising in Paris (workers)
General Cavaignac : put down the uprising
> provisional chief of executive
> end of the “Luxembourg Commission”, press and political clubs banned women from membership
France : From Republic to Empire - STEP TWO
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND LNB
> November 1848 : new republican constitution and planned presidential elections
December 10, 1848 : Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte largely elected president of the Second Republic - played on his uncle’s legacy and his supposed ability to restore political stability
France : From Republic to Empire - STEP THREE
DECEMBER 1851
1849 : rising democratic-socialists
MAY : the radical candidates win nearly 1/3 of the seats in the Assembly
JUNE : Ledru-Rollin’s failure at starting an insurrection
LNB used that attempt to tighten his control
- Revolutionary symbols forbidden and National Guard units disbanded
Limitation to freedoms of assembly and association
Support of the Catholics (Falloux laws)
End of universal male suffrage
Repression
> > DECEMBER 2, 1851: dissolution of the Assembly + new constitution to be drafted to avoid the one mandate constraint
> Very large insurrection but quick control (10k+ people sent into exile)
> large approval of his remaining in pw via a plebiscite
France : From Republic to Empire - STEP FOUR
TOWARDS THE EMPIRE
> January 1852 : new constitution»_space; “consular democracy”
Strong executive power, president for 10 years
> December 2, 1852 : Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (date of Nap I, Austerlitz)
Counter-revolution German States
May 1848 : German Constituent National Assembly in Frankfurt
> divisions about the shape, liberal but not too much (support pru repression of poles), Ø real popular support
December 1848 : Basic Rights of the German People
inspi DoI DRMC
PB : No state structure to support the “Frankfurt Parliament” and need for Austrian/Prussian support
» impossible
> > possible German constitution w hereditary emperor
Frederick William’s refusal of the German crown bc didn’t want to confront other states (Habsburgs) and dissolved the “Frankfurt Parliament” to object the constitution
> Fall of the “March Ministries” and their liberal constitutions
abrogation the Basic Rights of the German People declaration
Counter-revolution and reaction victorious
Counter-revolution in Habsburg Central Europe
3 main places
> Prague : crushed
Vienna : crushed and a fully re-instated Habsburg rule with an emperor and surveillance
Hungary : imperial absolutism restored after resistance and attempt at independence
