4 - Restoration, Liberalism, Revolts Flashcards
Vienne Stettlement
sept 1814 - June 1815
4 principles 3 goals 3 men
First Treaty of Paris
30.5.1814
Frontiers of 1 November 1792
Loss of a few Caribbean islands to Britain
No reparations to pay
Second Treaty of Paris
20.11.1815
1790 borders
Reparations
Partial military occupation (until 1818 when debt paid)
2 factors balancing religious revival
1) secular states wouldn’t recognize churches as independent hierarchies that limited state power thus imposed control
2) idea of a state reli was frequently attacked by anti-clericals (opposed political involvement of church- trad throne ft. altar) and minority believers (claimed their right to worship)
BUT some intellectuals argued that religion could flourish in the new system
liberals’ claims
> Free press
Freedom of assembly
Education
Guaranteed political and social rights (law, constitution and state’s guarantee)
Elected government
3 figures of economic liberalism
Adam SMITH (“The Wealth of Nations”) : “laissez-faire” and “invisible hand”
Jeremy BENTHAM : utilitarianism (for laws too)
David RICARDO : “Iron law of wages”
> > no full agreement + new awareness of social consequences of eco lib
Spain 1820s
1813 = End of French presence
1814 = Ferdinand VII returns
doesnt recognize the liberal constitution»_space; alliance with the nobility and church - censorship and refused to convoke the Cortes as promised
// Spain’s hold over Latin American colonies weakened»_space; turmoil and rebellions
1820 : revolt, king has to given but the to congress system Fr intervenes and he prevails
1833+ : civil wars
Portugal 1820s
King John VI had fled to Brazil during Nap wars
1820 : liberal army officers rise against the British-backed regent
→ draft of a liberal constitution (Spain-inspired) and coup of the king who returns as a constitutional monarch
> > 32-34 : civil war royalists vs liberals&radicals
1851 : end of turmoil - one of the only failures of Congress System
Italy 1820s
Under Austrian domination - King Ferdinand I
Carbonari : og created to fight Napoleon but now against monarch
1820 : insurrection but put down
afterwards : Mazzini promoted a unified republic to fight Austrian rule
Austria and Prussia 1820s
as firm within their borders as in foreign policy
> muzzled press, dissolved student fraternities and put an end to any hope of constitutional evolution
1820 : agreement w Russia - right of signatories to intervene militarily in any country w revolts for political chang
Russia 1820s
Alexander I = increasingly reactionary rule
Two conspiratorial groups
> “Northern Union” of educated young nobles : British constitutionalism
> “Southern Union” of young officers : kill tsar and Republic (French influ)
December 1825: death Alex I, both union attempt a coup (insurrectionists called “Decembrists”)
» both crushed by new reactionary tsar Nicholas I, leaders executed
- tightened grip on educ to ban western ideas
– doctrine : Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russian nationality
Nevertheless some improvements (codification of laws) and liberal thinking in the intelligentsia
factors for Latin American revolts
– War of Independence in North America
– French Revolutionary processes
– Napoleonic conquests and reforms
– War in the Iberian Peninsula
> > inspi creole bourgeoisie
transatlantic and transamerican circu of ideas
turmoil in Latin America
1806-16 : series of attempts towards independence
1810 = especially agitated - uprisings in Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota + actual Mexico and Chile
consequences of Latin America independences in Europe
weakened even more Spain and FVII + echoes among other European pws, sort of a warning that led to harder rules
Monroe Doctrine
1823
no Congress power should try to attempt anything on American territory, diff systems, would be considered a threat to peace & safety
