6

Question 1

governance dilemma’s require…..

Answer 1

governance arrangements –> an ensemble of rules, processes and instruments that structure the interactions between public and private actors to realize collective goals for specific issues

Question 2

rules

Answer 2

formal: often written, clear and transparant to all participants (regulations, standards, constitutions)
informal: hidden in transcripts - you have to know them and they are internalised
interaction rules: who is allowed to participate in decision making? who is in charge and how is it decided?

Question 3

processes

Answer 3

continuous interactions through which stakeholders interpret and give meaning to problems and solutions. stakeholders negotiate with each other for decisions (puzzling: what is the problem/solution. powering: politics of adaptation)
interactions are shaped through (in)formal interaction rules. who to invite, open/closed doors, what kind of structure, who leads?

Question 4

instruments

Answer 4

instruments through which policy/governance goals are achieved, like financial resources, commissions, information provision, certification, subsidies, legislation

Question 5

governance arrangements for multiple sectors

Answer 5

(temporal/permanent) committees
(temporal) inter-ministerial working groups
boundary spanning policy regimes
sectoral committees
platforms

Question 6

cc adaptation and the private sector: risks

Answer 6

direct: temperature impact on crop yield, fresh water availability for breweries, sea level rise for ports
indirect: market changes, particularly in food, retail and energy
businesses are usually not eager to invest bc:
- no recognition of the climate risks
- financial lock-in effect prevents change
- no pressure to adapt

Question 7

public/private divide: the issue

Answer 7

assumption: succesful private sector engagement in adaptation will catalyse greater investment in social vulnerability reduction, but:
- private sector adaptation efforts are not widely recognized or seen as good business practice (yet)
- limited government incentives to push private sector involvement - very limited changes in consumer demand

Question 8

why should the state be involved in adaptation and what is the role of the state in adaptation?

Answer 8

state involvement in adaptation because adaptation is a collective action problem that is highly uncertain in terms of predictability and manageability and for which the soeictal pay offs are not immediately obvious
role:
- strategic planning and information
- creating an enabling institutional environment for the implementation of the private sector

Question 9

arrangements to solve the public-private debate

Answer 9

quasi markets
partnerships (PPP)
networks

Question 10

scales, levels, and issues

Answer 10

cross-scale issues: mismatch between scale of a problem and the scale of which it is governed
cross-level issues: interplay between different levels on a scale

Question 11

cross-scale and cross-level linkages

Answer 11

local social-ecological systems are nested in bigger ones

• understanding the scale of the problem (at what scale is the problem apparent, how does it link to lower/higher levels)
• understanding the scale of governance systems (who is steering at different levels, which actors and institutions are dealing with the problem at different levels, how are the levels on a scale linked?)

Question 12

why do you want to solve a scale mismatch and what are strategies to do so

Answer 12

you want a governance system that is tailored to specific places and situations, and supported by, and working with various organizations at different levels
strategies
- decoupling levels on the problem scale (keeping a local problem local)
- remodelling the governance scale (moving levels up/down the scale, creating/removing levels, shifting responsibilities across levels)
- linking levels on a governance scale (matching cross level interactions in the problem scale with cross level interactions in the governance scale

Question 13

plusses and minuses of sectors

Answer 13

good reasons:

• stable set of participants
• create own set of informal rules and practices
• exist to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of decision-making
• characterised by high trust among participants

but:

• lock in effect - invested time and resources in the subsystem make change costly
• the ones involved have vested interest in the issue so they will defend their goals and interests
• closed communities
• not necessarily open for radically new ideas, particularly not from outsiders

Question 14

fragmentation and integration in sector

Answer 14

sector is able to implement adaptation but:

• cc impacts are easily overlooked in critical sectors/subsystems
• inconsistency as different types of adaptation options between subsystems can lead to claims of the agenda and resources
• inefficient to work in silo’s
• unintended consequences of decisions in other systems