5th lecture (Calcium accumulation) Flashcards
Hyaline definition?
NOT a unique of chemical, it is an amorphous materiel made of a mixture of plasma proteins coagulated in certain areas, overlaps hyalinic necrosis. Could be intracellular or extracellular, both are stained pinkish in H.E. staining.
Fibrinoid necrosis could look similar.
Hyalinic arteriosclerosis.
affecting arteries mostly in the kidney but can affect other areas as well.
Endothelial experienced a physical of chemical stress (hypertension or diabetes [high glucose]) the endothelial cells become leaky, thus plasma proteins may leak out into the wall and the smooth muscle cells make start to secrete ECM. (narrow lumen and thick wall = potential ischemia injury)
Hyaline membrane disease
occurs in the lungs, under 2 conditions:
- Infant respiratory distress syndrome
- adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Infant respiratory distress syndrome description?
Immature lungs; surfactant is not produced enough thus alveoli cannot open. Cyanosis and acidosis will follow.
adult respiratory distress syndrome description?
HYALINE membrane disease
toxic effect or infection that destroy the endothelial cells. The endothelial cells may also become leaky in the lungs and coagulates around the alveoli blocking the gas exchange.
Name the types of haline diseases?
- Hyaline arteriosclerosis
- Hyaline membrane disease
- Hyaline glomeruli
- Mallory hyaline
Hyalinic glomeruli description?
glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney). The capillarys in the kidney will be leaky, plasma protein and immune complex start to precipitate in glomeruli causing. The duct will obliterated by the precipitation of hyalinic material (plasma protein) obstruct the capillaries and glomeruli (END stage kidney disease)
Mallory hyaline description?
A result of hepatocytes in alcohol injury the cytoskeleton precipitates in the cytoplasm to make an amorphous material.
Pigments definiton?
colored substances, which are intracelular or
extracellular.
can be endogeneous: hemosiderin, RBC breakdown and Iron accumulates in the skin.
can be extrageneous: Tattoos,
Name some important pigments?
- Carbon
- lipofuscin
- hemosiderin
Carbon inhalation; what occurs in the body?
Carbons enters the alveoli which is phagocytosed by macrophages which then goes into the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are blackish in the parabronchial area.
It has no effect in the lungs.
coal workers pneumoconiosis description?
a diseases caused by coal worker who are exposed to not only carbon, but also; Si and iron. When Si combines with hydroxide causes SiOH which are consumed by macrophages and they kill the macrophages, as the macrophages dies it leaks enzymes into the tissue causing inflammation. Causing fibrosis, progressive loss of lung.
This increases the resistance in the lung causing cor pulmonale.
silicosis: lung disease caused by silica inhalation.
lipofuscin description?
lipofuscin is a wear-and-tear protein that appears in all organs, caused by lipid peroxidation of intracellular organs (mt. golgi, ER). Perinuclear localization of brown-yellow granular substance, that is delivered by lipids (lipifuscin).
Brown atrophy of the heart description?
occurs in older patients, and patients with advanced disease or infection or end-stage-disease. When the heart is involved in degenerative disease.
Apical-basal shortening of the heart, causing a curvery coronary arteries, with sharp edges, and there is downward pointing of the heart.
hemosiderin description?
hemosiderin is a granular pigment intracellular that is gold-yellow. hemosiderin is mostly Iron surrounded by apoferritin (Iron-apoferritin). Accumulation causes hemosiderosis which can be local or systemic.
LOCAL: common root (blue-brown of a bruise caused by breakdown of RBC and Hb is liberated and Iron is taken up by macropages and combined with apoferritin. Also induratio brunea pneumonia (brown color of lung)
SYSTEMIC: hemolysis; (toxic event, blood mismatch)
why are bruises turn blue then brown?
breakdown of RBC and Hb is liberated and Fe taken up by macrophages forming hemosiderin.
what is hemosiderin mostly made up of?
hemosiderin is a granular pigment intracellular that is gold-yellow. hemosiderin is mostly Iron surrounded by apoferritin (Iron-apoferritin).
describe induratio brunea pneumonia.
Brown coloration of the lung. (local hemosiderin)
If the heart has some sort of pumping failure (myocardial infraction) or a patient has Mitral valve stenosis. blood has difficulty going into the left ventricle causing back pressure into the lung. pulmonary stenosis can also cause similar problems. The high pressure in the alveoli causes penetration of RBC into the alveoi which are taken up by macrophages which are stored as hemosiderin, causing the BROWN color of the lung.
macrophage cells with granules of hemosiderin can be seen in the spit of the patient, they are refereed to as HEART FAILURE CELLS.
what are HEART FAILURE CELLS?
Increase blood pressure in the lungs causes RBC to enter the alveoli to be taken up by macrophages which form hemosiderin causing the brown color of the lung.
Macrophages with hemosiderin can be found in the sputum of the patient and are called HEART FAILURE CELLS.
Can be caused by: mitral stenosis
hemochromatosis description?
Extensive accumulation of Iron in the body.
hemosiderosis description?
form of iron overload disorder resulting in the accumulation of hemosiderin. Iron homeostasis is highly controlled. Macrophages store the Iron.
hepcidin regulates Iron uptake from the intestine. High Iron = high hepcidin, low iron - low hepcidin allows Fe to enter the intestine.
Hepcidin is coded by the HFE. Mutation the patient looses hepcidin resulting in uncontrolled Fe uptake.
In the event of hepcidin mutation causing excessive Iron uptake, what are the effect of excessive Iron in the blood?
The macrophage Iron storage is saturated. The extra free Iron not taken up by the macrophages will be toxic to other cell by forming free radical and ROS by causing inflammation and fibrosis.
cirrhosis at the liver, fibrosis of the pancreas, they also accumulate everywhere but the above to organs are most effected.
Define cirrhosis?
late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
(hepatic failure for patient)
Pancreas fibrosis causes what?
Brown diabetes due to the Iron accumulation in the pancreas causing the brown color of pancreas. The fibrosis destroy the langerhans islands causing diabetes.
