5G II Flashcards by Herdy Herlianto

What is a network function?

a basic element (a functional block) of a system, within a network infrastructure which has well-defined external interfaces and well-defined functional behavior

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What is SDN?

the network is programmable through software applications running on top of a controller

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What is the motivation to use SDN?

Complex old IP network world, Missing flexibility for reconfiguration

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What are the three layers of SDN?

Data, Control, Management

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What are the advantages of SDN?

simplifying policy enforcement and network reconfiguration

logically centralized controller as single point of presences

separation of concerns is the consequence

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What are the basic open flow components?

OpenFlow Switches, OpenFlow Controller, OpenFlow Protocol (OFP), Hosts

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Describe the basic functioning of an open flow switch

Separation between Switch and Routing/Forwarding functionality

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Describe the interactions between OpenFlow controller and switch

Securely (SSL/TCP) connects OpenFlow Controller and OpenFlow Switches via OpenFlow Protocol (OFP). Ad-hoc routing decision and Event based.

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Describe each of the SDN applications

Traffic Engineering

Mobility and Wireless

Network Related Applications

Measurement & Monitoring: provide or improve Network
Security and Dependability: policy enforcement, DoS attacks detection and mitigation, security inspection (DPI).

Data Center Networking

Service Function Chaining

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What is Traffic Engineering? What is Service Functions Chaining?

Traffic Engineering: Load Balancing, Reducing Power consumption

Service Functions Chaining: an unidirectional or bidirectional abstract sequence of Service Functions (SFs)

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What is SD-WAN?

virtual WAN architecture that allows enterprises to leverage any combination of communication services using software defined technologies

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What is cloud computing?

delivery of computing services over the Internet to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale

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What are the cloud computing service models?

Software as a Service (SaaS) Clouds: complete cloud-based, multi-tenancy applications

Platform as a Service (PaaS) Clouds: provides application developers

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Clouds: utilizes a suite of virtual hardware

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What are the benefits of cloud computing?

Cloud Elasticity

Traffic fluctuation

flexibility in network management operations

Optimizing resource utilization

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What is elasticity?

the possibility to increase or decrease available resources on demand

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What are the scalability approaches?

Vertically: Increase the capacity adding new resources to an existing node

Horizontally: Increase the capacity increasing the number of nodes

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Name the differences between stateful and stateless applications

Stateful: The client is tied to a specific instance for the duration of all session

Stateless: The state of a session is stored in the client and attached in each request or stored / retrieved by the application from an external database

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What is virtualization. Please explain server virtualization

The abstraction of physical hardware for creating multiple virtual instances.

the process of creating multiple server instances from one physical server.

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What are the benefits of virtualization?

Optimizing resource utilization

Intelligent memory management

Avoiding over-dimensioning

Less hardware

Energy-efficient environments

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What is Network Function Virtualization? What is the NFV architecture approach

the virtualization of network equipment functions now run-on industry standard servers with the aim of improving efficiency and increasing agility

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Name some of the benefits of NFV

Decoupling software from hardware

Flexible network functions deployment

Dynamic operation

Inter-operability with infrastructure

Inter-operability with legacy

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Describe the high-level framework and the architecture of ETSI NFV

Virtualized Network Functions (VNF)

NFV Infrastructure (NFVI)

NFV Management and Orchestration

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Which are the deployment models for VNFc

the combination of the Software based implementation of the network function, and the deployment view of the software architecture 1:1 and 1:n

Please compare stateless and stateful VNFs

Stateful: The client is tied to a specific VNFC for the duration of all session

Stateless: The state of a session is stored in the client (fat client) and attached in each request or stored / retrieved by the VNFC from an external database

What is elasticity? Which are the elasticity options? VNF

Vertically: Increase the capacity adding new resources to an existing node Horizontally: Increase the capacity increasing the number of nodes

Describer the load balancing models in the NFV environment

Internal Load Balancer: The VNF contains a VNFC which acts as load balancer and distribute internally the requests to the other VNFCs External Load Balancer: An additional VNF that acts as the LB and distributes the requests over the set of VNFCs

What are the challenges of dynamic scaling?

statefulness and low packet processing latencies.

Please describe the auto-scaling pipeline

Detecting the need to scale Determining the scaling action Execute the scaling action

What is Fault Management? How does fault management function in an NFV environment?

the component of network management concerned with detecting, isolating, and resolving problems. Fault detection − Fault localization − Fault reporting

Please describe the MANO domain of ETSI NFV

Orchestrator

Please describe the NFVI domain of ETSI NFV

Virtualization Layer: Virtual Computing, Virtual Storage, Virtual Hardware Hardware Resources: Computing Hardware, Storage Hardware, Network Hardware

Please describe the VNF life-cycle management

Prepare the virtual resources required Install the Software (SW) of the VNFs Configure the VNF SW start the VNF SW

Why do 5G systems need an orchestrator?

In the ETSI NFV architecture, the Orchestrator is the main decision point in the interaction between services and infrastructure.

What is needed to migrate an NF to a virtualized environment?

Decouple the host function from the Virtualized Network Function (VNF) Create a new container interface between host and VNF Divide the interface between NF in two parts: i. Virtualized interface ii. Infrastructure interface

Please describe the reliability levels in a virtualized environment

By the supporting Infrastructure There is a reliability consideration on the infrastructure itself

Describe web-services

Front-end-handling: the interaction with the client (authentication, authorization, protection of data path etc.) Worker: executing the specific functionality Database: grouped state of the service

Describe micro-services

the drivers for building up very modular network slices Keep VNF components rather small in terms of functionalities offered

What are the main 5G use cases proposed by NGMN?

Broadband access in dense area Broadband access everywhere High user mobility Massive IoT Extreme real time communication Lifeline communication Ultra-reliable communication Broadcast like services

What are the new business models in 5G?

Network sharing Enhanced Connectivity Partner Offer Enriched by Operator

What are the main values that 5G aims to create?

Trust, Experience, and service (Highly reliable and flexible network)

What are the main requirements directions for 5G?

Management & Operation Device Enhanced Service Business Model User Experience System Performance

Name 3 design principles of 5G for radio

Leverage Spectrum Enable cost-effective dense deployments Coordinate and cancel interference

Name 3 design principles of 5G for network

Create common composable core Minimize number of entities Fixed and Mobile convergence

Name 3 design principles of 5G for operations and management?

Simplify operation and Management Automation Probe-less monitoring

Which is the 5G high level architecture?

Infrastructure resources layer Business enablement Layer

Name some 5G key technological challenges from 5G PPP view.

Geographical area Lower energy consumption Scalable management

Name some 5G research directions

Edge computing Intelligent management Energy efficiency

5G is a heterogeneous radio environment. Name some functionality needed to support it.

Monitoring and real-time analytics Mobility support Policy based resources allocation and charging

Which are the types of accesses which dock to the 5G convergent core network?

Macro-cell private Backhaul (BH) Small cell private BH Small cell macro BH Sat-beam fixed BH

What are the convergent core network features?

Coherent Identity Management Dynamic backhauling Customization to the environment

What should be the functionality for edge networks

Network Functions Placement Clustering of edge functionality Clustering of end-user devices

What should be the functionality for cognitive management systems

Prediction and learning algorithms Harmonized/convergent management plane Increasing trust into automatic management systems

What should be the functionality robustness and security

Support for different network security levels/firewalls Automatic Fault Management Load balancing and high availability features

What should be the functionality for device connectivity

Handling dynamically high number of devices Adaptation of single connections Bulk communication

What should be the functionality for application support

Providing the appropriate data path mechanisms

What should be done to integrate satellite networks

Support for local services Control plane split Adaptation of data path Leveraging multicast Dynamic network management.

What should be done to integrate autonomous backhaul

providing the connectivity of the mobile units (MU)