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5G > 5G II > Flashcards

5G II Flashcards

1
Q

What is a network function?

A

a basic element (a functional block) of a system, within a network infrastructure which has well-defined external interfaces and well-defined functional behavior

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2
Q

What is SDN?

A

the network is programmable through software applications running on top of a controller

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3
Q

What is the motivation to use SDN?

A

Complex old IP network world, Missing flexibility for reconfiguration

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4
Q

What are the three layers of SDN?

A

Data, Control, Management

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5
Q

What are the advantages of SDN?

A

simplifying policy enforcement and network reconfiguration

logically centralized controller as single point of presences

separation of concerns is the consequence

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6
Q

What are the basic open flow components?

A

OpenFlow Switches, OpenFlow Controller, OpenFlow Protocol (OFP), Hosts

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7
Q

Describe the basic functioning of an open flow switch

A

Separation between Switch and Routing/Forwarding functionality

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8
Q

Describe the interactions between OpenFlow controller and switch

A

Securely (SSL/TCP) connects OpenFlow Controller and OpenFlow Switches via OpenFlow Protocol (OFP). Ad-hoc routing decision and Event based.

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9
Q

Describe each of the SDN applications

A

Traffic Engineering

Mobility and Wireless

Network Related Applications

  • Measurement & Monitoring: provide or improve Network
  • Security and Dependability: policy enforcement, DoS attacks detection and mitigation, security inspection (DPI).

Data Center Networking

Service Function Chaining

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10
Q

What is Traffic Engineering? What is Service Functions Chaining?

A

Traffic Engineering: Load Balancing, Reducing Power consumption

Service Functions Chaining: an unidirectional or bidirectional abstract sequence of Service Functions (SFs)

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11
Q

What is SD-WAN?

A

virtual WAN architecture that allows enterprises to leverage any combination of communication services using software defined technologies

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12
Q

What is cloud computing?

A

delivery of computing services over the Internet to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale

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13
Q

What are the cloud computing service models?

A

Software as a Service (SaaS) Clouds: complete cloud-based, multi-tenancy applications

Platform as a Service (PaaS) Clouds: provides application developers

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Clouds: utilizes a suite of virtual hardware

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14
Q

What are the benefits of cloud computing?

A

Cloud Elasticity

Traffic fluctuation

flexibility in network management operations

Optimizing resource utilization

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15
Q

What is elasticity?

A

the possibility to increase or decrease available resources on demand

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16
Q

What are the scalability approaches?

A

Vertically: Increase the capacity adding new resources to an existing node

Horizontally: Increase the capacity increasing the number of nodes

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17
Q

Name the differences between stateful and stateless applications

A

Stateful: The client is tied to a specific instance for the duration of all session

Stateless: The state of a session is stored in the client and attached in each request or stored / retrieved by the application from an external database

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18
Q

What is virtualization. Please explain server virtualization

A

The abstraction of physical hardware for creating multiple virtual instances.

the process of creating multiple server instances from one physical server.

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19
Q

What are the benefits of virtualization?

A

Optimizing resource utilization

Intelligent memory management

Avoiding over-dimensioning

Less hardware

Energy-efficient environments

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20
Q

What is Network Function Virtualization? What is the NFV architecture approach

A

the virtualization of network equipment functions now run-on industry standard servers with the aim of improving efficiency and increasing agility

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21
Q

Name some of the benefits of NFV

A

Decoupling software from hardware

Flexible network functions deployment

Dynamic operation

Inter-operability with infrastructure

Inter-operability with legacy

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22
Q

Describe the high-level framework and the architecture of ETSI NFV

A

Virtualized Network Functions (VNF)

NFV Infrastructure (NFVI)

NFV Management and Orchestration

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23
Q

Which are the deployment models for VNFc

A

the combination of the Software based implementation of the network function, and the deployment view of the software architecture 1:1 and 1:n

24
Q

Please compare stateless and stateful VNFs

A

Stateful: The client is tied to a specific VNFC for the duration of all session

Stateless: The state of a session is stored in the client (fat client) and attached in each request or stored / retrieved by the VNFC from an external database

25
Q

What is elasticity? Which are the elasticity options? VNF

A

Vertically: Increase the capacity adding new resources to an existing node

Horizontally: Increase the capacity increasing the number of nodes

26
Q

Describer the load balancing models in the NFV environment

A

Internal Load Balancer: The VNF contains a VNFC which acts as load balancer and distribute internally the requests to the other VNFCs

External Load Balancer: An additional VNF that acts as the LB and distributes the requests over the set of VNFCs

27
Q

What are the challenges of dynamic scaling?

A

statefulness and low packet processing latencies.

28
Q

Please describe the auto-scaling pipeline

A

Detecting the need to scale

Determining the scaling action

Execute the scaling action

29
Q

What is Fault Management? How does fault management function in an NFV environment?

A

the component of network management concerned with detecting, isolating, and resolving problems.

Fault detection − Fault localization − Fault reporting

30
Q

Please describe the MANO domain of ETSI NFV

A

Orchestrator

31
Q

Please describe the NFVI domain of ETSI NFV

A

Virtualization Layer: Virtual Computing, Virtual Storage, Virtual Hardware

Hardware Resources: Computing Hardware, Storage Hardware, Network Hardware

32
Q

Please describe the VNF life-cycle management

A

Prepare the virtual resources required

Install the Software (SW) of the VNFs

Configure the VNF SW

start the VNF SW

33
Q

Why do 5G systems need an orchestrator?

A

In the ETSI NFV architecture, the Orchestrator is the main decision point in the interaction between services and infrastructure.

34
Q

What is needed to migrate an NF to a virtualized environment?

A

Decouple the host function from the Virtualized Network Function (VNF)

Create a new container interface between host and VNF

Divide the interface between NF in two parts:

i. Virtualized interface
ii. Infrastructure interface

35
Q

Please describe the reliability levels in a virtualized environment

A

By the supporting Infrastructure

There is a reliability consideration on the infrastructure itself

36
Q

Describe web-services

A

Front-end-handling: the interaction with the client (authentication, authorization, protection of data path etc.)

Worker: executing the specific functionality

Database: grouped state of the service

37
Q

Describe micro-services

A

the drivers for building up very modular network slices

Keep VNF components rather small in terms of functionalities offered

38
Q

What are the main 5G use cases proposed by NGMN?

A

Broadband access in dense area

Broadband access everywhere

High user mobility

Massive IoT

Extreme real time communication

Lifeline communication

Ultra-reliable communication

Broadcast like services

39
Q

What are the new business models in 5G?

A

Network sharing

Enhanced Connectivity

Partner Offer Enriched by Operator

40
Q

What are the main values that 5G aims to create?

A

Trust, Experience, and service (Highly reliable and flexible network)

41
Q

What are the main requirements directions for 5G?

A

Management & Operation

Device

Enhanced Service

Business Model

User Experience

System Performance

42
Q

Name 3 design principles of 5G for radio

A

Leverage Spectrum

Enable cost-effective dense deployments

Coordinate and cancel interference

43
Q

Name 3 design principles of 5G for network

A

Create common composable core

Minimize number of entities

Fixed and Mobile convergence

44
Q

Name 3 design principles of 5G for operations and management?

A

Simplify operation and Management

Automation

Probe-less monitoring

45
Q

Which is the 5G high level architecture?

A

Infrastructure resources layer

Business enablement Layer

46
Q

Name some 5G key technological challenges from 5G PPP view.

A

Geographical area

Lower energy consumption

Scalable management

47
Q

Name some 5G research directions

A

Edge computing

Intelligent management

Energy efficiency

48
Q

5G is a heterogeneous radio environment. Name some functionality needed to support it.

A

Monitoring and real-time analytics

Mobility support

Policy based resources allocation and charging

49
Q

Which are the types of accesses which dock to the 5G convergent core network?

A

Macro-cell private Backhaul (BH)

Small cell private BH

Small cell macro BH

Sat-beam fixed BH

50
Q

What are the convergent core network features?

A

Coherent Identity Management

Dynamic backhauling

Customization to the environment

51
Q

What should be the functionality for edge networks

A

Network Functions Placement

Clustering of edge functionality

Clustering of end-user devices

52
Q

What should be the functionality for cognitive management systems

A

Prediction and learning algorithms

Harmonized/convergent management plane

Increasing trust into automatic management systems

53
Q

What should be the functionality robustness and security

A

Support for different network security levels/firewalls

Automatic Fault Management

Load balancing and high availability features

54
Q

What should be the functionality for device connectivity

A

Handling dynamically high number of devices

Adaptation of single connections

Bulk communication

55
Q

What should be the functionality for application support

A

Providing the appropriate data path mechanisms

56
Q

What should be done to integrate satellite networks

A

Support for local services

Control plane split

Adaptation of data path

Leveraging multicast

Dynamic network management.

57
Q

What should be done to integrate autonomous backhaul

A

providing the connectivity of the mobile units (MU)

5G (8 decks)

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