5b Brain and Behaviour

Question 1

What are the neural correlates of memory?

Answer 1

Episodic memory: involves the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus and the parahippocampal cortex

Question 2

Name and define each of the STAGES of the memory process.

Answer 2

i. Registration– input from senses into the memory system
ii. Encoding – processing and combining of received information
iii. Storage – holding of that input in the memory system
iv. Retrieval – recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)

Question 3

State two strategies for enhancing memory.

Answer 3

• by assimilation to existing schemata – linking words with previous knowledge/giving words a meaning
• memory devices, e.g. mnemonics, making a story
• repetition (maybe?)

Question 4

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Answer 4

• Non-declarative (implicit)– familiarity with something, knowledge of how to interact with object or in situation without thinking about it
   Called procedural memory for actions and behaviours
   Complex activities can be carried out without thinking
• Declarative (explicit)– store of our knowledge
  Episodic (events)
  Semantic (facts)

Question 5

What are the two types of declarative memory?

Answer 5

Episodic– memory related to personal experience (e.g. knowing what you did last night)
Semantic– memory for facts and what we think of as general knowledge (e.g. knowing the capital of France)

Question 6

What are the conceptual divisions in memory systems (based on duration)?

Answer 6

• Sensory
• Working/ short-term memory
• Long-term memory

Question 7

What process is required for information to be passed from sensory register to working memory?

Answer 7

Attention

Question 8

What process is required for information to be passed from working memory to long-term memory?

Answer 8

Rehearsal and storage

Question 9

Which part of the brain is responsible for long-term declarative memory?

Answer 9

Medial temporal lobe

Diencephalon

Question 10

Which part of the brain is involved in non-declarative memory?

a. Procedural
b. Priming
c. Emotional response
d. Skeletal musculature

Answer 10

a. Striatum
b. Neocortex
c. Amygdala
d. Cerebellum

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Broca’s Aphasia?

Answer 11

Expressive aphasia

• Non-fluent speech
• Impaired repetition
• Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences
• Intact comprehension

Question 12

What are the characteristics of Wernicke’s Apasia?

Answer 12

Receptive aphasia
- Problems in comprehending speech 
- Fluent meaningless speech
- Paraphasia (errors in producing specific words)
Could be semantic or phonemic paraphasia
- Neologisms (non-words)
- Poor repetition
- Impairment in writing

Question 13

What are executive functioning skills?

Answer 13

• successful monitoring of behaviour for attainment of certain goal
• mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions and juggle multiple tasks successfully

Question 14

What is dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 14

Disruption of executive function and is closely related to frontal lobe damage
Encompasses cognitive, emotional and behavioural symptoms

Question 15

What are the behavioural and emotional aspects of dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 15

(-)
- Hypoactivity
- Lack of drive
- Apathetic
- Poor initiation of tasks
- Emotional bluntness
- Reduced empathy
(+)
- Hyperactivity
- Impulsive
- Disinhibited
- Perseverative
- Emotional dysregulation
- Socially inappropriate
- Rude, crass, prone to swearing