58 Learning and memory I

Question 1

Sensory information can be converted into _________ memory and ________ memory, and both can be consolidated into long-term memory.

Answer 1

sensory; short-term

Question 2

What is declarative memory?

Can be further classified into?

Answer 2

Facts and events that one can describe, conscious memory

1. Semantic memory (general knowledge)
2. Episodic memory (events)

Question 3

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 3

1. Repetition: learning how to do something (speech, skills, learning behaviours like habits)
2. Conditioning: emotional/ physiological responses, subconsicous

Question 4

______________ and _____________ are both included in non-associative learning (simple learning).
Their meanings in which a subject is repeatedly exposed to a single stimulus are?

Answer 4

Habituation: progressive diminution of response to repeated stimuli;
Sensitisation: exaggerated response after a strong sensitising stimulus is given

Question 5

_______________ is a type of associative learning in which a subject is exposed to 2 or more stimuli that have particular relationship to each other.

Answer 5

Classical conditioning;

dog bell salivation example

Question 6

______________ involves learning the relationship between subject’s behaviour and the consequence of the behaviour.

Answer 6

Operant conditioning (trial-and-error learning)

Question 7

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning share common properties in which?

Answer 7

1. timing of 2 items must be present in close timeframes

2. consistent results have to be given (predictability)

Question 8

______________refers to activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic transmission that can last from hours to days to months. It depends on the activation what receptors?

Answer 8

Long term potentiation;

NMDA and AMPA receptors leading to insertion of more AMPA receptors on postsynaptic membrane1

Question 9

How is LTP related to classical conditioning? What property of LTP contributes to it?

*Pairing of the neutral conditioned stimulus (tone) with unconditioned stimulus (food) will lead to salivation in response to the presentation of tone alone.

Answer 9

This is due to the associative property of LTP, predicting that when strong synapse P (present meat) becomes active and make the motor neuron fire, it will also potentiate weak synapse T (tone) > salivate.
When synapse T is potentiated enough, a tone can excite the motor neuron directly and lead to salivation.

Question 10

Lateral nucleus of __________ is the integrating site in which LTP takes place. Output from it via the central and basal nucleus links to brain areas like hypothalamus to mediate emotional response.

Answer 10

amygdala

emotional memory by classical conditioning

Question 11

Operant conditioning is also related to reward-reinforced memory. ______________ projecting to the _________ of the limbic system plays important role in reward-related learning behaviour. LTP is also involved.

Answer 11

Midbrain dopaminergic VTA;

nucleus accumbens

Question 12

Habit and motor skill formation involves the _______________ (part of brain) .

Answer 12

Striatum of the basal ganglia

also the cerebellum

Question 13

The dorsomedial striatum mediates _____________actions while the dorsolateral striatum mediates ____________.
How are they related?

Answer 13

purposeful goal-directed;
memory of subconscious habitual behaviours;

Dorsomedial striatum > repetition of action > Dorsolateral striatum

Question 14

In Alzheimer’s, patients suffer loss of __________ memory but not _________ memory.

Answer 14

Episodic;

semantic (general knowledge)

Question 15

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 15

Events for a period prior to trauma are forgotten, but memories from distinct part are intact

Question 16

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 16

Events prior to trauma can be remembered, but no memory can be formed after the trauma