105 Association function and executive processing Flashcards
Which of the following is true?
A. The association areas have no direct connection with sensory and motor structures.
B. Association areas receive information from higher-order sensory areas
C. Parietal-temporal-occipital cortex is an association area.
D. Prefrontal cortex is an association area.
E. Limbic cortex is an association area.
All of the above;
divided into 3 broad regions
a. Prefrontal (anterior) association cortex
b. Limbic association cortex
c. Parietal-temporal-occipital cortex (posterior) association corte
Define the area of the prefrontal cortex.
Region of frontal lobe anterior to the premotor and motor cortices but excluding the limbic areas.
The _____________ cortex processes complex cognition, decision-making and planning. (Behavioural control)
prefrontal
The _________ cortex mediates long-term goal and multitasking.
frontopolar cortex
***no direct sensory input!!!!
Somatotopic map is gradually lost in more anterior/posterior area of the frontal lobe.
anterior
The prefrontal cortex has prominent _____________(NT) innervation. Disturbance of this cortex may lead to ________________.
Dopaminergic;
schizophrenia (frontal lobe is smaller and no blood supply to this area)
(hyperactivity of the mesolimbic area > +ve symptoms)
Other than the prefrontal cortex, ___________ and _______ are also involved in the emotional part of pain perception.
cingulate cortex;
insular cortex
Which of the following are part fo the limbic association cortex?
A. Orbitofrontal cortex
B. Cingulate gyrus
C. Insular cortex
D. Parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe
E. Hippocampus
F. Ventral striatum
§ Amygdala (fear response)
§ Hypothalamus (homeostatic drives)
§ Hippocampus (emotional memory)
§ Ventral striatum/ septum (reward/ pleasure)
Generate more complex emotions (sadness, anger) and related behaviours (aggression, defense)
What is the general function of the parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex?
Link and interpret information from different sensory modalities and contribute to sensory perception, language and motor planning
What is the specialised function of the posterior parietal cortex?
Analyze location of body parts and surroundings of body, project to motor cortex
What is the specialised function of area 39?
Angular gyrus, visual processing of words, reading and writing
What is the specialised function of the temporal association cortex?
Input from visual areas (What pathway)
What is the specialised function of Wernicke’s area?
for interpretation of languages, both spoken and written
Describe the Wernike-Geshwind model of language.
- Auditory inputs from auditory cortex > Werknicke’s area
- Visual inputs from occipital cortex > angular gyrus > Wernicke’s
- After analysis > Broca’s area via arcuate fasciculus
- Broca’s area > motor cortices
- Primary motor cortex command muscles to produce language
What is agnosia? Cause?
Inability to recognize objects by touch of vision due to the lesion of the posterior parietal lobe
What is apraxia? Cause?
incoordination disorder due to lesion in parietal and prefrontal cortex
Lesion in Wernicke’s will lead too?
Receptive aphasia, cannot understand spoken words
Lesion in angular gyrus will lead to?
Cannot read and write (dyslexia)
Lesion in Broca’s area?
Expressive aphasia, motor speech difficulty
Beta frequencies represent? Where can it be found?
Intense mental state;
in frontal and parietal lobes
Alpha frequencies represent?
Relaxed state (in occipital lobe)
Theta frequencies?
In sleeping adults; children
Delta frequencies?
Infants, sleeping adults
Cause of epilepsy?
Large populations of cortical neurons being driven into firing simultaneously, due to reduced synaptic inhibition from GABA.
Most drugs treating epilepsy aim at?
- increasing GABA transmission
2. inactivate Na+ channels
Why is there a collective property of cerebral cortex?
Neurons in cortex tends to synchronise their activities because of their interconnections.
Drugs effecting in treating depression act on ?
Serotonergic and noradrenergic systems
SSRIs, MAOI
