105 Association function and executive processing

Question 1

Which of the following is true?
A. The association areas have no direct connection with sensory and motor structures.
B. Association areas receive information from higher-order sensory areas
C. Parietal-temporal-occipital cortex is an association area.
D. Prefrontal cortex is an association area.
E. Limbic cortex is an association area.

Answer 1

All of the above;

divided into 3 broad regions

a. Prefrontal (anterior) association cortex
b. Limbic association cortex
c. Parietal-temporal-occipital cortex (posterior) association corte

Question 2

Define the area of the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 2

Region of frontal lobe anterior to the premotor and motor cortices but excluding the limbic areas.

Question 3

The _____________ cortex processes complex cognition, decision-making and planning. (Behavioural control)

Answer 3

prefrontal

Question 4

The _________ cortex mediates long-term goal and multitasking.

Answer 4

frontopolar cortex

***no direct sensory input!!!!

Question 5

Somatotopic map is gradually lost in more anterior/posterior area of the frontal lobe.

Answer 5

anterior

Question 6

The prefrontal cortex has prominent _____________(NT) innervation. Disturbance of this cortex may lead to ________________.

Answer 6

Dopaminergic;
schizophrenia (frontal lobe is smaller and no blood supply to this area)
(hyperactivity of the mesolimbic area > +ve symptoms)

Question 7

Other than the prefrontal cortex, ___________ and _______ are also involved in the emotional part of pain perception.

Answer 7

cingulate cortex;

insular cortex

Question 8

Which of the following are part fo the limbic association cortex?
A. Orbitofrontal cortex
B. Cingulate gyrus
C. Insular cortex
D. Parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe
E. Hippocampus
F. Ventral striatum

Answer 8

§ Amygdala (fear response)
§ Hypothalamus (homeostatic drives)
§ Hippocampus (emotional memory)
§ Ventral striatum/ septum (reward/ pleasure)
Generate more complex emotions (sadness, anger) and related behaviours (aggression, defense)

Question 9

What is the general function of the parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex?

Answer 9

Link and interpret information from different sensory modalities and contribute to sensory perception, language and motor planning

Question 10

What is the specialised function of the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 10

Analyze location of body parts and surroundings of body, project to motor cortex

Question 11

What is the specialised function of area 39?

Answer 11

Angular gyrus, visual processing of words, reading and writing

Question 12

What is the specialised function of the temporal association cortex?

Answer 12

Input from visual areas (What pathway)

Question 13

What is the specialised function of Wernicke’s area?

Answer 13

for interpretation of languages, both spoken and written

Question 14

Describe the Wernike-Geshwind model of language.

Answer 14

1. Auditory inputs from auditory cortex > Werknicke’s area
2. Visual inputs from occipital cortex > angular gyrus > Wernicke’s
3. After analysis > Broca’s area via arcuate fasciculus
4. Broca’s area > motor cortices
5. Primary motor cortex command muscles to produce language

Question 15

What is agnosia? Cause?

Answer 15

Inability to recognize objects by touch of vision due to the lesion of the posterior parietal lobe

Question 16

What is apraxia? Cause?

Answer 16

incoordination disorder due to lesion in parietal and prefrontal cortex

Question 17

Lesion in Wernicke’s will lead too?

Answer 17

Receptive aphasia, cannot understand spoken words

Question 18

Lesion in angular gyrus will lead to?

Answer 18

Cannot read and write (dyslexia)

Question 19

Lesion in Broca’s area?

Answer 19

Expressive aphasia, motor speech difficulty

Question 20

Beta frequencies represent? Where can it be found?

Answer 20

Intense mental state;

in frontal and parietal lobes

Question 21

Alpha frequencies represent?

Answer 21

Relaxed state (in occipital lobe)

Question 22

Theta frequencies?

Answer 22

In sleeping adults; children

Question 23

Delta frequencies?

Answer 23

Infants, sleeping adults

Question 24

Cause of epilepsy?

Answer 24

Large populations of cortical neurons being driven into firing simultaneously, due to reduced synaptic inhibition from GABA.

Question 25

Most drugs treating epilepsy aim at?

Answer 25

1. increasing GABA transmission

2. inactivate Na+ channels

Question 26

Why is there a collective property of cerebral cortex?

Answer 26

Neurons in cortex tends to synchronise their activities because of their interconnections.

Question 27

Drugs effecting in treating depression act on ?

Answer 27

Serotonergic and noradrenergic systems

SSRIs, MAOI