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Biology A2 > 5.7 Respiration > Flashcards

5.7 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need energy ?

Name 5

A
  • active transport
  • endo,exocytosis
  • synthesis of large molecules
  • movement
  • activation of chemicals
  • Dna replication
  • cell division
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2
Q

All chemical reactions are either ……… or …… !
Define your terms
4

A
  • Anabolic reactions ( small—>big)

- Catabolic reactions( big—>small)

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3
Q

ATP is …………. to form adp+pi

1

A

Hydrolysed

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4
Q

What’s the first stage of respiration ?

2

A
  • Glycolysis (10 stage metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate )
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5
Q

Outline the glycolysis pathway ?

3

A
  1. Phosphorylation to Hexose bisphosphate
  2. splitting —> 2 x triose phosphate
  3. oxidation to pyruvate
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6
Q

Nad is synthesised from what ?
What can it do ?
2

A
  • living cells from nicotinamide, adenine , 2 phosphoryl groups
  • it can accept 2 hydrogens
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7
Q

How much ATP used in glycolysis ?
How much is made ?
Profit ?

A
  • 2 ATP used
  • 4 ATP made
  • 2 profit
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8
Q

How much NAD is used ?

1

A

2NAD —> 2 reduced NAD

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9
Q

Products of Glycolysis ?

3

A
  • 2ATP
  • 2NADH
  • 2x pyruvate
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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration ?

4

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. link reaction
  3. krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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11
Q

Where does link reaction occur ?

1

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

What enzyme is used in the link reaction and what does it do to the Pyruvate ?
4

A
  • pyruvate Dehydrogenase
    It decarboxylises and dehydrogenates the Pyruvate
    ( so it removes carbon by production of CO2)
    And it also :
    Removes hydrogen and This hydrogen reacts with NAD to produced NADH
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13
Q

What are the products of the link reaction ?

2

A
  • Acetyl COA

- reduced NADH

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14
Q

Write the equation which summarises the link reaction ?

2

A

2 pyruvate + 2NAD + 2CoA —-> 2CO2+ 2 NADH + 2acetyl coA

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15
Q

Where does krebs cycle take place ?

1

A
  • link reaction and Krebs cycle take place in MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
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16
Q

What’s the purpose of the Krebs cycle ?

2

A

To produce energy via a series of enzyme catalysed reactions

17
Q

The acetyl group entering the Krebs cycle has how many carbons ?
1

A

-2

18
Q

Outline the Krebs cycle briefly …

5 points in depth so 10 marks

A

1) acetyl group released from acetyl CoA combines with 4 carbon compound —-> 6 C compound
2) decarboxylated and dehydrogenated = 5 CARBON compound ( CO2 released and NADH)
3) decarboxylated and dehydrogenated =4 carbon compound ( CO2 and NADH released)
4) 4 carbon compound combines with CoA to produce SUCCINYL COA ( ATP IS PRODUCED HERE ! Substrate level phosphorylation )
4) then the 4 carbon compound is dehydrogenated to produce Another 4 carbon compound- FUMARATE ( FADH2 produced)
5) rearrangement occurs of the atoms in the 4 Carbon compound catalysed by ISOMERASE enzyme , the dehydrogenation and production of OXALOACETATE so cycle can continue

19
Q

How many turns of the Krebs cycle produce glucose!

2

A
  • two turns !
20
Q

What’s oxidative phosphorylation?

2

A
  • formation of ATP via the energy acquired via the electron transport chain in the presence of oxygen .
  • last stage in aerobic respiration
21
Q

Outline oxidative phosphorylation?

3

A
  • reduced NAD and reduced FAD are reoxidised when they deliver H+ to e transport chain
  • the Hydrogen spilts to Protons and electrons
  • the protons go into the solution in the mitochondrial matrix
22
Q

Where does glycolysis occur ?

1

A

Cytoplasm

23
Q

what is the role of ATP within cells ?

3

A
  • immediate source of energy
  • provides 30j of energy
  • phosphate can be removed in hydrolysis
  • metabolic reactions : active transport …
  • 30kj/mol energy provided
24
Q

how do we calculate the respiratory quotient ?

1

A

-volume of CO2 produced /Volume of O2 consumed in the same time

25
Q

whats anaerobic respiration ?

A

respiration in absence of oxygen

26
Q

outline the ethanol fermentation pathway ? what uses this ?
fate of NAD
3

A

yeast
pyruvate (pyruvate decarboxylase )——–> ethanal ——–>(2NADH —>NAD) ethanol
REMEMBER : NAD can now be recycled for Glycolysis

27
Q

outline the lactate fermentation pathway ? 3

A

mammals :
pyruvate —>(lactate dehydrogenase )(2reduced NADH–>NAD) Lactate
NAD can be recycled to Glycolysis which can produce ATP for a short amount of time (remember 2ATP yield)

28
Q

where can NAD be reoxidised ? 1

A

cristae

29
Q

why ids fermentation reversible in mammals - lactic acid but not for yeast = ethanol ?
3

A
  • animals have lactic acid produced via lactate dehydrogenase , which can reverse the reaction
  • Yeast has pyruvate –> Ethanal + CO2 –>Ethanol .The CO2 gas molecule is lost hence why it can’t form pyruvate again!
  • Pyruvate decarboxylase enzyme can’t be reversed .
30
Q

where does anaerobic respiration take place ? 1

A

-cytoplasm

Biology A2 (9 decks)

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