5.6: Vaccination

Question 1

How is immunity acquired?

From immunity, there is what?

Answer 1

From immunity, there is:

1. Innate immunity
2. Adaptive immunity

Question 2

How is immunity acquired?
From immunity, there is innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
From adaptive immunity, there is what?

Answer 2

From adaptive immunity, there is:

1. Natural immunity
2. Artificial immunity

Question 3

How is immunity acquired?
From immunity, there is innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
From adaptive immunity, there is natural immunity and artificial immunity.
From natural immunity, there is what?

Answer 3

From natural immunity, there is:

1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity

Question 4

How is immunity acquired?
From immunity, there is innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
From adaptive immunity, there is natural immunity and artificial immunity.
From natural immunity, there is active immunity (what) and passive immunity (what)?

Answer 4

From natural immunity, there is:

1. Active immunity (infection)
2. Passive immunity (maternal)

Question 5

How is immunity acquired?
From immunity, there is innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
From adaptive immunity, there is natural immunity and artificial immunity.
From artificial immunity, there is what?

Answer 5

From artificial immunity, there is:

1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity

Question 6

How is immunity acquired?
From immunity, there is innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
From adaptive immunity, there is natural immunity and artificial immunity.
From artificial immunity, there is active immunity (what) and passive immunity (what)?

Answer 6

From artificial immunity, there is:

1. Active immunity (vaccination)
2. Passive immunity (antibody transfer)

Question 7

Immunity

Answer 7

Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist infection

Question 8

How many types of immunity are there?

Answer 8

There are 2 types of immunity:

1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity

Question 9

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by what?

Answer 9

Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system

Question 10

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
What is necessary?

Answer 10

Direct contact with:
1. The pathogen
Or,
2. Its antigen
is necessary

Question 11

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes what to develop?

Answer 11

Active immunity takes time to develop

Question 12

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes time to develop.
Active immunity is generally what?

Answer 12

Active immunity is generally long-lasting

Question 13

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes time to develop.
Active immunity is generally long-lasting and there are how many types of active immunity?

Answer 13

Active immunity is generally long-lasting and there are 2 types of active immunity:

1. Natural active immunity
2. Artificial active immunity

Question 14

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes time to develop.
Active immunity is generally long-lasting and there are 2 types of active immunity - Natural active immunity and artificial active immunity.
Natural active immunity results from what?

Answer 14

Natural active immunity results from an individual becoming infected with a disease under normal circumstances

Question 15

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes time to develop.
Active immunity is generally long-lasting and there are 2 types of active immunity - Natural active immunity and artificial active immunity.
Natural active immunity results from an individual becoming infected with a disease under normal circumstances.
The body does what?

Answer 15

The body produces its own antibodies

Question 16

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes time to develop.
Active immunity is generally long-lasting and there are 2 types of active immunity - Natural active immunity and artificial active immunity.
Natural active immunity results from an individual becoming infected with a disease under normal circumstances.
The body produces its own antibodies and may what?

Answer 16

The body:

1. Produces its own antibodies
2. May continue to do so for many years

Question 17

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes time to develop.
Active immunity is generally long-lasting and there are 2 types of active immunity - Natural active immunity and artificial active immunity.
Artificial active immunity forms what?

Answer 17

Artificial active immunity forms the basis of vaccination

Question 18

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity is produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system.
Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary.
Active immunity takes time to develop.
Active immunity is generally long-lasting and there are 2 types of active immunity - Natural active immunity and artificial active immunity.
Artificial active immunity forms the basis of vaccination.
Artificial active immunity involves doing what in an individual, without them doing what?

Answer 18

Artificial active immunity involves inducing an immune response in an individual, without them suffering the symptoms of the disease

Question 19

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Passive immunity is produced by what?

Answer 19

Passive immunity is produced by the introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source

Question 20

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Passive immunity is produced by the introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source.
No what is necessary to induce immunity?

Answer 20

No direct contact with:
1. The pathogen
Or,
2. Its antigen
is necessary to induce immunity

Question 21

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Passive immunity is produced by the introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source.
No direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary to induce immunity.
Passive immunity is acquired when?

Answer 21

Passive immunity is acquired immediately

Question 22

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Passive immunity is produced by the introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source.
No direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary to induce immunity.
Passive immunity is acquired immediately.
As the antibodies are not being produced by the individuals themselves, what happens?

Answer 22

As the antibodies are not being produced by the individuals themselves:

1. The antibodies are not replaced when they are broken down
2. No memory cells are formed
3. So there is no lasting immunity

Question 23

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Passive immunity is produced by the introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source.
No direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary to induce immunity.
Passive immunity is acquired immediately.
As the antibodies are not being produced by the individuals themselves, the antibodies are not replaced when they are broken down, no memory cells are formed and so there is no lasting immunity.
Examples of passive immunity include what?

Answer 23

Examples of passive immunity include:

1. Anti-venom given to the victims of snake bites
2. The immunity acquired by the fetus when antibodies pass across the placenta from the mother

Question 24

There are 2 types of immunity - Active immunity and passive immunity.
Passive immunity is produced by the introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source.
No direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen is necessary to induce immunity.
Passive immunity is acquired immediately.
As the antibodies are not being produced by the individuals themselves, the antibodies are not replaced when they are broken down, no memory cells are formed and so there is no lasting immunity.
The antibodies are made by what, not by you?

Answer 24

The antibodies are made by another organism, not by you

Question 25

Vaccination

Answer 25

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by: 1. Injection Or, 2. Mouth

Question 26

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to do what?

Answer 26

The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease

Question 27

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a what?

Answer 27

The material introduced is called a vaccine

Question 28

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains what?

Answer 28

``` The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains: 1. One Or, 2. More types of antigen from the pathogen ```

Question 29

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains one or more types of antigen from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune response. The immune response is what?

Answer 29

The immune response is slight

Question 30

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains one or more types of antigen from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune response. Why is the immune response slight?

Answer 30

The immune response is slight, because only a small amount of antigen has been introduced

Question 31

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains one or more types of antigen from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune response. The immune response is slight, because only a small amount of antigen has been introduced. However, the crucial factor is that what are produced?

Answer 31

The crucial factor is that memory cells are produced

Question 32

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains one or more types of antigen from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune response. The immune response is slight, because only a small amount of antigen has been introduced. However, the crucial factor is that memory cells are produced. These memory cells do what?

Answer 32

These memory cells: 1. Remain in the blood 2. Allow a greater (more intense) and more immediate response to a future infection with the pathogen

Question 33

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains one or more types of antigen from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune response. The immune response is slight, because only a small amount of antigen has been introduced. However, the crucial factor is that memory cells are produced. These memory cells remain in the blood and allow a greater (more intense) and more immediate response to a future infection with the pathogen. What is the result?

Answer 33

The result is that: 1. There is a rapid production of antibodies 2. The new infection is rapidly overcome before it can cause any harm and with few, if any, symptoms

Question 34

Vaccination is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth. The intention is to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease. The material introduced is called a vaccine and, in whatever form, it contains one or more types of antigen from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune response. The immune response is slight, because only a small amount of antigen has been introduced. However, the crucial factor is that memory cells are produced. These memory cells remain in the blood and allow a greater (more intense) and more immediate response to a future infection with the pathogen. The result is that there is a rapid production of antibodies and the new infection is rapidly overcome before it can cause any harm and with few, if any, symptoms. When carried out on a large scale, vaccination provides what not only for individuals, but also for what?

Answer 34

When carried out on a large scale, vaccination provides protection against disease not only for individuals, but also for whole populations

Question 35

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a what measure to prevent individuals doing what?

Answer 35

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease

Question 36

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of doing what?

Answer 36

It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease

Question 37

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had what?

Answer 37

Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success

Question 38

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success. Yet, in other instances, similar measures have been less successful. The success of a vaccination programme depends on a number of factors: 1. A suitable vaccine must be what to immunise most of the vulnerable population?

Answer 38

A suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population

Question 39

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success. Yet, in other instances, similar measures have been less successful. The success of a vaccination programme depends on a number of factors: 1. A suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population. The development of new vaccines is a highly what process requiring what conditions?

Answer 39

The development of new vaccines is a highly technological process requiring sterile conditions

Question 40

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success. Yet, in other instances, similar measures have been less successful. The success of a vaccination programme depends on a number of factors: 1. A suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population. The development of new vaccines is a highly technological process requiring sterile conditions. 2. There must be few what, if any, from vaccination?

Answer 40

There must be few side effects, if any, from vaccination

Question 41

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success. Yet, in other instances, similar measures have been less successful. The success of a vaccination programme depends on a number of factors: 1. A suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population. The development of new vaccines is a highly technological process requiring sterile conditions. 2. There must be few side effects, if any, from vaccination. Unpleasant side effects may do what?

Answer 41

Unpleasant side effects may discourage individuals in the population from being vaccinated

Question 42

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success. Yet, in other instances, similar measures have been less successful. The success of a vaccination programme depends on a number of factors: 1. A suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population. The development of new vaccines is a highly technological process requiring sterile conditions. 2. There must be few side effects, if any, from vaccination. Unpleasant side effects may discourage individuals in the population from being vaccinated. 3. The means of what must be available?

Answer 42

``` The means of: 1. Producing 2. Storing 3. Transporting the vaccine must be available ```

Question 43

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success. Yet, in other instances, similar measures have been less successful. The success of a vaccination programme depends on a number of factors: 1. A suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population. The development of new vaccines is a highly technological process requiring sterile conditions. 2. There must be few side effects, if any, from vaccination. Unpleasant side effects may discourage individuals in the population from being vaccinated. 3. The means of producing, storing and transporting the vaccine must be available. This usually involves what?

Answer 43

This usually involves: 1. Technologically advanced equipment 2. Hygienic conditions 3. Refrigerated transport

Question 44

It is important to understand that vaccination is used as a precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease. It is not a means of treating individuals who already have the disease. Some programmes of vaccination against diseases have had considerable success. Yet, in other instances, similar measures have been less successful. The success of a vaccination programme depends on a number of factors: 1. A suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population. The development of new vaccines is a highly technological process requiring sterile conditions. 2. There must be few side effects, if any, from vaccination. Unpleasant side effects may discourage individuals in the population from being vaccinated. 3. The means of producing, storing and transporting the vaccine must be available. This usually involves technologically advanced equipment, hygienic conditions and refrigerated transport. 4. It must be possible to vaccinate who to produce what?

Answer 44

It must be possible to vaccinate the vast majority of the vulnerable population to produce herd immunity

Question 45

Herd immunity

Answer 45

Herd immunity is when a sufficiently large proportion of the population has been vaccinated to make it difficult for a pathogen to spread within that population

Question 46

Why is herd immunity important?

Answer 46

Herd immunity is important, because it is never possible to vaccinate everyone in a large population

Question 47

Herd immunity is important, because it is never possible to vaccinate everyone in a large population. Example

Answer 47

For example: 1. Babies 2. Very young children are not vaccinated, because their immune system is not yet fully functional

Question 48

Herd immunity is important, because it is never possible to vaccinate everyone in a large population. For example, babies and very young children are not vaccinated, because their immune system is not yet fully functional. It could also be dangerous to vaccinate who?

Answer 48

It could also be dangerous to vaccinate those who: 1. Are ill Or, 2. Have compromised immune systems

Question 49

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in who?

Answer 49

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals

Question 50

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example who?

Answer 50

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems

Question 51

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may do what?

Answer 51

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because the pathogen may mutate frequently

Question 52

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that what?

Answer 52

The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually

Question 53

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. What does this mean?

Answer 53

This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective

Question 54

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because what?

Answer 54

This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system

Question 55

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not do what?

Answer 55

As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen

Question 56

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This what happens with the influenza virus?

Answer 56

This antigenic variability happens with the influenza virus

Question 57

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This antigenic variability happens with the influenza virus, which changes its antigens frequently. 3. Certain pathogens do what?

Answer 57

Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system

Question 58

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This antigenic variability happens with the influenza virus, which changes its antigens frequently. 3. Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system, by doing what?

Answer 58

Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system, by either: 1. Concealing themselves inside cells Or, 2. Living in places out of reach

Question 59

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This antigenic variability happens with the influenza virus, which changes its antigens frequently. 3. Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system, by either concealing themselves inside cells or living in places out of reach, such as where?

Answer 59

Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system, by either: 1. Concealing themselves inside cells Or, 2. Living in places out of reach, such as within the intestines

Question 60

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This antigenic variability happens with the influenza virus, which changes its antigens frequently. 3. Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system, by either concealing themselves inside cells or living in places out of reach, such as within the intestines. 4. Individuals may have objections to vaccinations for what reasons?

Answer 60

``` Individuals may have objections to vaccinations for: 1. Religious 2. Ethical Or, 3. Medical reasons ```

Question 61

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This antigenic variability happens with the influenza virus, which changes its antigens frequently. 3. Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system, by either concealing themselves inside cells or living in places out of reach, such as within the intestines. 4. Individuals may have objections to vaccinations for religious, ethical or medical reasons. Example

Answer 61

For example, unfounded concerns over the: 1. Measles 2. Mumps 3. Rubella (MMR) triple vaccine has led a number of parents to opt for separate vaccinations for their children

Question 62

Even when the criteria for successful vaccination are met, it can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate a disease, because: 1. Vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals, for example people with defective immune systems. 2. The pathogen may mutate frequently, so that its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually. This means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective, because the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system. As a result, the immune system does not produce the antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This antigenic variability happens with the influenza virus, which changes its antigens frequently. 3. Certain pathogens 'hide' from the body's immune system, by either concealing themselves inside cells or living in places out of reach, such as within the intestines. 4. Individuals may have objections to vaccinations for religious, ethical or medical reasons. For example, unfounded concerns over the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) triple vaccine has led a number of parents to opt for separate vaccinations for their children or to do what?

Answer 62

For example, unfounded concerns over the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) triple vaccine has led a number of parents to: 1. Opt for separate vaccinations for their children Or, 2. Avoid vaccination altogether

Question 63

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves what?

Answer 63

The: 1. Production of existing vaccines 2. Development of new ones often involves the use of animals

Question 64

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How what is this?

Answer 64

How acceptable is this?

Question 65

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes do what?

Answer 65

Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm

Question 66

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be what?

Answer 66

On whom should vaccines be tested?

Question 67

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be what?

Answer 67

How should such trials be carried out?

Question 68

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in what?

Answer 68

To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health?

Question 69

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health? 4. Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where what, on the basis that the population there has what?

Answer 69

Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where the targeted disease is common, on the basis that the population there has most to gain, if it proves successful?

Question 70

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health? 4. Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where the targeted disease is common, on the basis that the population there has most to gain, if it proves successful? 5. To be fully effective, who should be vaccinated?

Answer 70

To be fully effective: 1. The majority 2. Preferably all ,of the population should be vaccinated

Question 71

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health? 4. Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where the targeted disease is common, on the basis that the population there has most to gain, if it proves successful? 5. To be fully effective, the majority, and preferably all, of the population should be vaccinated. Is it right, in the interests of everyone's health, that vaccination should be what?

Answer 71

Is it right, in the interests of everyone's health, that vaccination should be compulsory?

Question 72

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health? 4. Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where the targeted disease is common, on the basis that the population there has most to gain, if it proves successful? 5. To be fully effective, the majority, and preferably all, of the population should be vaccinated. Is it right, in the interests of everyone's health, that vaccination should be compulsory? If so, should this be at any time, or just when there is a potential what?

Answer 72

If so, should this be at: 1. Any time Or, 2. Just when there is a potential epidemic

Question 73

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health? 4. Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where the targeted disease is common, on the basis that the population there has most to gain, if it proves successful? 5. To be fully effective, the majority, and preferably all, of the population should be vaccinated. Is it right, in the interests of everyone's health, that vaccination should be compulsory? If so, should this be at any time, or just when there is a potential epidemic? Can people opt out? If so, on what grounds - Religious belief, medical circumstances, personal belief? 6. Should expensive vaccination programmes continue when a disease is almost what?

Answer 73

Should expensive vaccination programmes continue when a disease is almost eradicated?

Question 74

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health? 4. Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where the targeted disease is common, on the basis that the population there has most to gain, if it proves successful? 5. To be fully effective, the majority, and preferably all, of the population should be vaccinated. Is it right, in the interests of everyone's health, that vaccination should be compulsory? If so, should this be at any time, or just when there is a potential epidemic? Can people opt out? If so, on what grounds - Religious belief, medical circumstances, personal belief? 6. Should expensive vaccination programmes continue when a disease is almost eradicated, even though this might mean what for the treatment of other diseases?

Answer 74

Should expensive vaccination programmes continue when a disease is almost eradicated, even though this might mean less money for the treatment of other diseases?

Question 75

As vaccinations have saved millions of lives, it is easy to accept vaccination programmes without question. However, they do raise ethical issues that need to be addressed if such programmes are to command widespread support. The production and use of vaccines raises the following questions: 1. The production of existing vaccines and the development of new ones often involves the use of animals. How acceptable is this? 2. Vaccines have side-effects that may sometimes cause long-term harm. 3. On whom should vaccines be tested? How should such trials be carried out? To what extent should individuals be asked to accept risk in the interests of public health? 4. Is it acceptable to trial a new vaccine with unknown health risks only in a country where the targeted disease is common, on the basis that the population there has most to gain, if it proves successful? 5. To be fully effective, the majority, and preferably all, of the population should be vaccinated. Is it right, in the interests of everyone's health, that vaccination should be compulsory? If so, should this be at any time, or just when there is a potential epidemic? Can people opt out? If so, on what grounds - Religious belief, medical circumstances, personal belief? 6. Should expensive vaccination programmes continue when a disease is almost eradicated, even though this might mean less money for the treatment of other diseases? 7. How can any individual health risks from vaccination be balanced against the advantages of what?

Answer 75

How can any individual health risks from vaccination be balanced against the advantages of controlling a disease for the benefit of the population at large

Question 76

Ring vaccination

Answer 76

Ring vaccination is vaccinating all people around the victim

Question 77

Ring vaccination is vaccinating all people around the victim. Ring vaccination contains the spread of a pathogen where?

Answer 77

Ring vaccination contains the spread of a pathogen within the ring

Question 78

Ring vaccination is vaccinating all people around the victim. Ring vaccination contains the spread of a pathogen within the ring and stops what?

Answer 78

Ring vaccination: 1. Contains the spread of a pathogen within the ring 2. Stops transmission

Question 79

Ring vaccination is vaccinating all people around the victim. Ring vaccination contains the spread of a pathogen within the ring and stops transmission. You will have to trace and isolate contacts and there are what restrictions?

Answer 79

You will have to trace and isolate contacts and there are travel restrictions

Question 80

How many different types of vaccine are there?

Answer 80

There are 6 different types of vaccine: 1. Live vaccines - Live pathogens 2. Dead vaccines - Killed pathogens 3. Attenuated vaccines - Weakened pathogens 4. Toxoid vaccines - Toxins made harmless 5. DNA vaccines 6. Edible vaccines

Question 81

Why don't vaccines cause illness?

Answer 81

Vaccines don't cause illness, because they may contain: 1. An inactivated form of the pathogen, killed by heat treatment 2. An attenuated form of the pathogen Or, 3. Isolated antigens from the pathogen

Question 82

Vaccines don't cause illness, because they may contain an inactivated form of the pathogen, killed by heat treatment (which leaves what intact), an attenuated form of the pathogen or isolated antigens from the pathogen?

Answer 82

Vaccines don't cause illness, because they may contain: 1. An inactivated form of the pathogen, killed by heat treatment (which leaves the immune-stimulating antigens intact) 2. An attenuated form of the pathogen Or, 3. Isolated antigens from the pathogen

Question 83

Vaccines don't cause illness, because they may contain an inactivated form of the pathogen, killed by heat treatment (which leaves the immune-stimulating antigens intact), an attenuated form of the pathogen or isolated antigens from the pathogen, such as what?

Answer 83

Vaccines don't cause illness, because they may contain: 1. An inactivated form of the pathogen, killed by heat treatment (which leaves the immune-stimulating antigens intact) 2. An attenuated form of the pathogen Or, 3. Isolated antigens from the pathogen, such as cell-surface proteins

Question 84

Attenuated

Answer 84

Attenuated means less virulent

Question 85

Why do viruses mutate more often?

Answer 85

Viruses mutate more often, because viruses have RNA, not DNA

Question 86

Viruses mutate more often, because viruses have RNA, not DNA, causing what?

Answer 86

Viruses mutate more often, because viruses have RNA, not DNA, causing their surface antigens to change shape

Question 87

Viruses mutate more often, because viruses have RNA, not DNA, causing their surface antigens to change shape. Describe an antigenic drift

Answer 87

An antigenic drift is when antigens change: 1. Slowly 2. Only slightly

Question 88

Viruses mutate more often, because viruses have RNA, not DNA, causing their surface antigens to change shape. Describe an antigenic shift

Answer 88

An antigenic shift is when antigens change: 1. Suddenly 2. Completely

Question 89

Viruses mutate more often, because viruses have RNA, not DNA, causing their surface antigens to change shape. An antigenic shift is when antigens change suddenly and completely, which equals what?

Answer 89

An antigenic shift is when antigens change: 1. Suddenly 2. Completely ,which equals chaos