3.5: Cell specialisation and organisation

Question 1

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform what functions?

Answer 1

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform specific functions

Question 2

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform specific functions.
Similar cells are then grouped together into tissues, tissues are then grouped together into organs and organs are then grouped together into organ systems for what?

Answer 2

1. Similar cells are then grouped together into tissues
2. Tissues are then grouped together into organs
3. Organs are then grouped together into organ systems
   for increased efficiency

Question 3

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform what?

Answer 3

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions

Question 4

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions.
However, no one cell can provide what?

Answer 4

No one cell can provide the best conditions for all functions

Question 5

To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions.
However, no one cell can provide the best conditions for all functions.
Therefore the cells of multicellular organisms are each specialised in different ways to perform a particular role.
Each specialised cell has evolved what to suit the role it carries out?

Answer 5

Each specialised cell has evolved:
1. More
Or,
2. Fewer
of certain organelles and structures to suit the role it carries out

Question 6

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially what?

Answer 6

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical

Question 7

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own what?

Answer 7

As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics

Question 8

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that do what?

Answer 8

As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that suit it to the function that it will perform when it is mature

Question 9

The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that suit it to the function that it will perform when it is mature.
In other words, each cell becomes specialised in what to suit the what that it will carry out?

Answer 9

In other words, each cell becomes specialised in structure to suit the role that it will carry out

Question 10

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by what?

Answer 10

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg

Question 11

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same what?

Answer 11

It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes

Question 12

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to do what?

Answer 12

Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism

Question 13

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are what in any one cell?

Answer 13

But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell

Question 14

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one what?

Answer 14

But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time

Question 15

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time.
Different genes are switched on in each type of what?

Answer 15

Different genes are switched on in each type of specialised cell

Question 16

All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time.
Different genes are switched on in each type of specialised cell.
The rest of the genes are what?

Answer 16

The rest of the genes are switched off

Question 17

It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also what?

Answer 17

It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also the numbers of each of their organelles

Question 18

It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also the numbers of each of their organelles.
Examples

Answer 18

For example:

1. A muscle or sperm cell will have many mitochondria, while a bone cell has very few
2. White blood cells have many lysosomes, while a muscle cell has very few

Question 19

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become what?

Answer 19

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function

Question 20

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function.
These cells are adapted to their own particular function and perform it more what?

Answer 20

These cells:

1. Are adapted to their own particular function
2. Perform it more effectively

Question 21

The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function.
These cells are adapted to their own particular function and perform it more effectively.
As a result, what?

Answer 21

As a result, the whole organism functions efficiently

Question 22

For working efficiency, cells are normally what?

Answer 22

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together

Question 23

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a what?

Answer 23

Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue

Question 24

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found where?

Answer 24

Epithelial tissues are found in animals

Question 25

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of what?

Answer 25

Epithelial tissues: 1. Are found in animals 2. Consist of sheets of cells

Question 26

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells. They line what?

Answer 26

Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs

Question 27

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells. Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a what function?

Answer 27

``` Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a: 1. Protective Or, 2. Secretory function ```

Question 28

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells. Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function. There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including what?

Answer 28

There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including: 1. Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place 2. Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct

Question 29

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells. Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function. There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example what, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct?

Answer 29

There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including: 1. Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs 2. Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct

Question 30

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells. Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function. There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example what?

Answer 30

There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including: 1. Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs 2. Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example the trachea

Question 31

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells. Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function. There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example the trachea. The cilia are used to do what?

Answer 31

The cilia are used to move mucus over the epithelial surface

Question 32

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Xylem occurs where?

Answer 32

Xylem occurs in plants

Question 33

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Xylem occurs in plants and is made up of what?

Answer 33

Xylem: 1. Occurs in plants 2. Is made up of a number of similar cell types

Question 34

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Xylem occurs in plants and is made up of a number of similar cell types. Xylem is used to do what?

Answer 34

Xylem is used to transport: 1. Water 2. Mineral ions throughout the plant

Question 35

For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together. Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue. Examples of tissues: Xylem occurs in plants and is made up of a number of similar cell types. Xylem is used to transport water and mineral ions throughout the plant and also does what?

Answer 35

Xylem: 1. Is used to transport water and mineral ions throughout the plant 2. Also gives mechanical support

Question 36

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into what?

Answer 36

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs

Question 37

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. What is an organ?

Answer 37

An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions

Question 38

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one what?

Answer 38

An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function

Question 39

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in what?

Answer 39

In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food

Question 40

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food. The stomach is made up of tissues such as what?

Answer 40

The stomach is made up of tissues such as: 1. Muscle tissue 2. Epithelial tissue 3. Connective tissue

Question 41

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food. The stomach is made up of tissues such as muscle tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue. The stomach is made up of muscle tissue to do what?

Answer 41

The stomach is made up of muscle tissue to: 1. Churn 2. Mix the stomach contents

Question 42

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food. The stomach is made up of tissues such as muscle tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue. The stomach is made up of epithelial tissue to do what?

Answer 42

The stomach is made up epithelial tissue to: 1. Protect the stomach wall 2. Produce secretions

Question 43

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In animals, for example, the stomach is an organ that is involved in the digestion of certain types of food. The stomach is made up of tissues such as muscle tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue. The stomach is made up of connective tissue to do what?

Answer 43

The stomach is made up of connective tissue to hold together the other tissues

Question 44

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, what is an organ?

Answer 44

In plants, a leaf is an organ

Question 45

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of what tissues?

Answer 45

``` In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made up of the: 1. Palisade mesophyll 2. Spongy mesophyll 3. Epidermis 4. Phloem 5. Xylem tissues ```

Question 46

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues. The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of what?

Answer 46

The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of leaf palisade cells

Question 47

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues. The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of leaf palisade cells that do what?

Answer 47

The palisade mesophyll tissue is made up of leaf palisade cells that carry out photosynthesis

Question 48

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues. The spongy mesophyll tissue is adapted for what?

Answer 48

The spongy mesophyll tissue is adapted for gaseous diffusion

Question 49

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues. The epidermis tissue is to do what?

Answer 49

The epidermis tissue is to: 1. Protect the leaf 2. Allow gaseous diffusion

Question 50

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues. The phloem tissue is to do what?

Answer 50

The phloem tissue is to transport organic materials away from the leaf

Question 51

Just as cells are aggregated into tissues, tissues are aggregated into organs. An organ is a combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they often have one predominant major function. In plants, a leaf is an organ that is made of up of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, phloem and xylem tissues. The xylem tissue is to do what?

Answer 51

The xylem tissue is to transport: 1. Water 2. Mineral ions into the leaf

Question 52

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs. Example

Answer 52

For example, blood 1. Capillaries are not organs ,whereas 2. Arteries and veins are organs

Question 53

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs. For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs. All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of what?

Answer 53

All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood

Question 54

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs. For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs. All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood. However, capillaries are made up of what?

Answer 54

Capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue

Question 55

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs. For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs. All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood. However, capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of what?

Answer 55

Capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas: 1. Arteries 2. Veins are made up of many tissues

Question 56

It is not always easy to determine which structures are organs. For example, blood capillaries are not organs, whereas arteries and veins are organs. All 3 structures have the same major function, the transport of blood. However, capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues, for example what?

Answer 56

Capillaries are made up of just one tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues, for example: 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Muscle tissue 3. Other tissues

Question 57

Organs work together as a single unit known as what?

Answer 57

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system

Question 58

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. These organ systems may be grouped together to do what?

Answer 58

These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently

Question 59

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently. There are a number of organ systems in humans: 1. The digestive system does what?

Answer 59

The digestive system: 1. Digests 2. Processes food

Question 60

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently. There are a number of organ systems in humans: 1. The digestive system digests and processes food. The digestive system is made up of organs that include what?

Answer 60

The digestive system is made up of organs that include the: 1. Salivary glands 2. Oesophagus 3. Stomach 4. Duodenum 5. Ileum 6. Pancreas 7. Liver

Question 61

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently. There are a number of organ systems in humans: 2. The respiratory system is used for what?

Answer 61

The respiratory system is used for: 1. Breathing 2. Gas exchange

Question 62

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently. There are a number of organ systems in humans: 2. The respiratory system is used for breathing and gas exchange. The respiratory system is made up of organs that include what?

Answer 62

The respiratory system is made up of organs that include the: 1. Trachea 2. Bronchi 3. Lungs

Question 63

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently. There are a number of organ systems in humans: 3. The circulatory system does what?

Answer 63

The circulatory system: 1. Pumps 2. Circulates blood

Question 64

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. These organ systems may be grouped together to perform particular functions more efficiently. There are a number of organ systems in humans: 3. The circulatory system pumps and circulates blood. The circulatory system is made up of organs that include what?

Answer 64

The circulatory system is made up of organs that include the: 1. Heart 2. Arteries 3. Veins

Question 65

Blood capillaries are not what?

Answer 65

Blood capillaries are not organs

Question 66

Blood capillaries are not organs, but what are?

Answer 66

Blood capillaries are not organs, but: 1. Arteries 2. Veins are

Question 67

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are. All 3 structures have the same what?

Answer 67

All 3 structures have the same major function

Question 68

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are. All 3 structures have the same major function - what?

Answer 68

All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood

Question 69

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are. All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood. However, capillaries are made up of what?

Answer 69

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue

Question 70

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are. All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood. However, capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, what?

Answer 70

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue

Question 71

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are. All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood. However, capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of what?

Answer 71

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas: 1. Arteries 2. Veins are made up of many tissues

Question 72

Blood capillaries are not organs, but arteries and veins are. All 3 structures have the same major function - the transport of blood. However, capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues - what?

Answer 72

Capillaries are made up of only one type of tissue, epithelial tissue, whereas arteries and veins are made up of many tissues - 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Muscle tissue 3. Connective tissue

Question 73

What organs does the digestive system contain?

Answer 73

The digestive system contains the: 1. Small and large intestines 2. Stomach 3. Gullet

Question 74

What organs does the respiratory system contain?

Answer 74

The respiratory system contains the: 1. Windpipe 2. Lungs

Question 75

What organs does the nervous system contain?

Answer 75

The nervous system contains the: 1. Brain 2. Nerves 3. Spinal cord

Question 76

What organs does the excretory system contain?

Answer 76

The excretory system contains the: 1. Kidney(s) 2. Bladder

Question 77

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 77

The function of the digestive system is to break down the food that we eat

Question 78

What is the function of the nervous system?

Answer 78

The function of the nervous system is to: 1. Sense what is happening around us 2. Decide what to do

Question 79

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 79

The function of the respiratory system is to: 1. Take in oxygen 2. Give out carbon dioxide

Question 80

What is the function of the excretory system?

Answer 80

The function of the excretory system is to get waste out of the body