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Biology A2 > 5.5 Plant and animal responses > Flashcards

5.5 Plant and animal responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What must a communication system enable when responding to the environment? (3)

A

detect changes in environment
cell signalling between all parts of body
coordinate effectors to carry out responses
suitable responses

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2
Q

What 2 parts does the CNS divide into ? (2)

A

brain

spinal chord

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system divide into? (4)

A

sensory and motor system

motor system divides into autonomic and somatic

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4
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system divide into?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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5
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A 
increase heart rate
increase breathing rate
dilate pupils
inhibit digestion
inhibit saliva production
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6
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A 
decrease heart rate
decrease breathing rate
constrict pupils
increase digestion
increase saliva production
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7
Q

Role of the cerebrum?

A

higher thought processes

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8
Q

role of cerebellum?

A

movement and balance

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9
Q

role of hypothalamus?

A

coordinates homeostatic responses

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10
Q

role of medulla oblongata?

A

controls physiological processes- heart rate, circulation/blood pressure, rate/depth breathing

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11
Q

role of pituitary gland?

A

release hormones made by hypothalamus

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12
Q

what two things does the hypothalamus pituitary complex do? (2)

A

Osmoregulation- hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors monitoring water potential in blood
temperature regulation- hypothalamus detects changes in core body temperature, changes are mediated by pituitary gland

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13
Q

describe the corneal reflex (4)

A

sensory neuron from cornea enters pons
connects to relay neuron
passes action potential to motor neuron
back out of brain to facial muscles

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14
Q

what is the cornial reflex?

A

a CRANIAL blinking reflex to protect eye from damage

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15
Q

what is the optical reflex?

A

protects retinas light sensitive cells

stimulus is detected and mediated by cerebral cortex optical centre

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16
Q

what type of reflex is the knee jerk reflex?

A

its a spinal reflex -passes through spinal chord rather than brain

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17
Q

describe the knee jerk reflex

A

front of thigh muscle (quadriceps) contract to straighten leg
when this muscle is stretched, muscle spindles detect change in length
if stretching unexpected the reflex causes causes contraction of the same muscle

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18
Q

Describe the mechanism of adrenaline action (3)

A
  1. adrenaline binds to adrenaline receptor on plasma membrane thats associated with a G protein on inner surface membrane that activates adenyl cyclase
  2. adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which is the second messenger
  3. cAMP activates enzyme action
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19
Q

What two nerves link the cardiovascular centre in the brain to the SA node of the heart?

A 
Sympathetic nerve (accelerans nerve)
Vagus nerve
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20
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the SAN when an action potential is sent down the sympathetic/accelerans nerve?

A

Noradrenaline

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21
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the SAN when an action potential is sent down the vagus nerve?

A

Acetylcholine

22
Q

What do noradrenaline (accelerans nerve) and acetylcholine (vagus nerve) do to heart rate?

A

Noradrenaline increases HR

Acetylcholine reduces HR

23
Q

How and what do chemoreceptors detect?

A

pH of blood

Detects C02, more Co2=higher pH because of carbonic acid

24
Q

What are the three types of muscle

Which are voluntary /involuntary

A

Smooth (involuntary)
Cardiac
Skeletal (voluntary)

25
Q

Which type of muscle is structured into individual cells?

A

Smooth

26
Q

Which type of muscle cells are joined by intercalated discs, and briefly state what these do

A

Cardiac

Free diffusion of ions between cells

27
Q

What is the name of the junction between nerve and muscle?

A

Neuromuscular junction

28
Q

What is the difference between a cholinergic synapse and a neuromuscular junction?(I.e. the last stage)

A

The wave of depolarisation passes zlong the sarcooemma and down transverse tubules

29
Q

What at the contractile units of skeletal muscle?

A

Myofibrils

30
Q

What 2 types of protein filament do myofibrils contain?

A 
Thin filaments (actin)
Thick filaments (myosin)
31
Q

Describe the structure of thin filaments (3)

A

2 chains of actin twisted around each other
Wound around this is a molecule of tropomyosin
With troponin attached

32
Q

Describe the structure of thick filaments

A

A bundle of myosin molecules
Each has 2 protruding heada
That bind to actin when binding sites are exposed

33
Q

Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction. (8)

A
  1. Action potential along sarcolemma and down transverse tubule
  2. AP to sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores calcium ions
  3. Calcium ions are released into sarcoplasm
  4. Calcium ions bind to troponin altering shape (conformational change) pulling tropomyesin aside
  5. This exposes actin binding sites
  6. myosin heads bind to the actin forming cross bridges between filaments
  7. Myosin heads move pulling the actin filllament past the myosin filament
  8. Myosin heads detach from the actin and can bind again further up the actin filament
34
Q

Explain the 3 roles of ATP in muscle contraction.

A

(1) Its hydrolysis by an ATPase activates the myosin head so it can bind to actin and rotate;
(2) Its binding to myosin causes detachment from actin after the power stroke
(3) It powers the pumps that transport calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulem.

35
Q

What are cytokinins effects? (2)

A

cell division
delay leaf senescence
overcome apical dominance
cell expansion

36
Q

What are abscisic acid effects?

A

inhibit germination, seed growth

stomatal closure in low water availability

37
Q

What are the effects of auxins?

A

cell elongation
inhibit sie shoots growth
inhibit leaf fall

38
Q

Effects of gibberellins?

A

promote seed germination

promote seed growth

39
Q

Effect of ethene?

A

promote fruit ripening

40
Q

What plant hormone exerts apical dominance?

A

Auxins

41
Q

What plant hormone promotes seed germination?

A

Gibberellins

42
Q

How do gibberellins promote seed germination? (3)

A

when seed absorbs water, embroyo releases gibberelin, enabling production of amylase
which breaks starch into glucose.
Glucose for respiration and protein synthesis.

43
Q

Where in a plant does growth occur?/ name the four meristems, and state where they are located. (4)

A

apical meristem- tips of roots/shoots
lateral bud meristem- buds
lateral meristem- cylinder near outside of shoot
intercalary meristem- between nodes

44
Q

What did Darwin prove about soot tips?

A

They are responsible for phototropic responses

45
Q

What did Boysen-Jensen confirm about water and solutes?

A

they need to be able to move backwards from the shoot tip for phototropism to happen

46
Q

How does auxin work?

A

Travels to zones of elongation, causing them to elongate, making shoot grow
increases stretchiness of cell wall by promoting active transport of H+ in, low pH breaks cellulose bonds, cell less rigid and takes on more water

47
Q

state one commercial use of auxins

A

rooting powder
weed killer
cuttings

48
Q

state one commercial use for cytokinins

A

promote bud and shoot growth

mass produce plants

49
Q

state one commercial use for gibberellins

A 
brewing
sugar production
plant breeding
fruit production
delay senescence
50
Q

state one commercial use for ethene

A

speed fruit ripening
promote fruit drop
promote lateral growth

51
Q

What would happen to the heart if the autonomic nerve supply was cut?

A

would continue to contract (myogenic)

wouldn’t beat at same rate

Biology A2 (12 decks)

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