5.4 Hormonal communication

Question 1

What are the two types of hormone?

Answer 1

Steroid

Peptide

Question 2

Which type of hormone is lipid soluble, so can diffuse through membrane and bind to receptor in cytoplasm?

Answer 2

Steroid

Question 3

Which type of hormone is not lipid soluble so binds to receptors on cell membrane of target cell?

Answer 3

Peptide

Question 4

What type of gland is the adrenal gland?

Answer 4

Endocrine

Question 5

What does the adrenal medulla secrete? (2)

Answer 5

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Question 6

Which hormones bind to receptor on chromosomal material to cause protein synthesis?

Answer 6

Steroid

Question 7

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex? (3)

Answer 7

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

Question 8

What hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 8

Cortisol

Question 9

In the islet of langerhans, (a) what are the two types of cells, (b) what do they secrete (c) and why??

Answer 9

Alpha and beta cells
Alpha secrete glucagon to increase blood glucose conc.
Beta secrete insulin to decrease blood glucose conc.

Question 10

What does insulin to to blood glucose concentration?

Answer 10

It lowers it

Question 11

Why is an achinus of the pancreas exocrine?

Answer 11

Because it secretes enzymes into an intralobular duct

Question 12

Name one advantage of treating type 1 diabetes with stem cells in stead of insulin

Answer 12

Injection free

Question 13

What are the effects of adrenaline on the body? (3)

Answer 13

Pupils dilate
Increase heart rate
Stimulate glycogen to glucose
Inhibit digestion
Vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

Question 14

Name the 4 things insulin does to lower blood glucose concentration (4).

Answer 14

More glucose transporter proteins inserted into cell surface membrane of liver cells to increase glucose uptake
Conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
Conversion of glucose to fats
Increased use of glucose in respiration

Question 15

Name 3 things glucagon does to increase blood glucose concentration (3)

Answer 15

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogeneolysis)
Conversion of fats and amino acids to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
Increased use of fatty acids in respiration rather than glucose

Question 16

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 16

Autoimmune disease attack B cells in islets of langerhams in pancreas so they’re unable to release insulin

Question 17

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 17

High sugar diet causes resistance of target cells to insulin

Question 18

What hormones does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

Answer 18

Mineralocorticoids

Question 19

What hormones does the zona fasiculata secrete?

Answer 19

Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol

Question 20

What hormones does the zona reticularis secrete?

Answer 20

Androgens

Question 21

Describe the action of insulin on liver cells. (4)

Answer 21

Insulin binds to g protein coupled receptor on membrane
Activates enzyme tyrosine kinase associated with inside receptor
Causes phosphorylation of inactive enzymes inside
Cascade of enzyme controlled reactions

Question 22

What are the 5 steps to spearmans rank?

Answer 22

Hypothesis
2 sets of ranks
Work out d and d squared
Sub into formula
Critical values

Question 23

What is an endocrine gland?

Answer 23

Hormones released directly into blood

Question 24

What is endocrine gland

Answer 24

Hormones into ducts