55 Community Ecology

Question 1

Biological Communities

Answer 1

A Species that occur at any particular locality
-interactions among members govern many ecological and evolutionary processes

Question 2

Biological Communities characterized by

Answer 2

-Species richness (number present)
-Primary productivity( amount of energy produced)

-

Question 3

Ecotones

Answer 3

Place where the environment changes abruptly

Question 4

Sometimes the abundance of species in a community does?

Answer 4

Change geographically in a synchronous pattern

Question 5

Niche

Answer 5

The total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment

Question 6

Ecological Niche

Answer 6

-Space utilization
-Food consumption
-Temperature range
-Appropriate conditions for mating
-moisture

Question 7

Ecological Niche Competition

Answer 7

-Interspecfic competition
-Interference competition
-Exploitative competition

Question 8

Interspecfic Competition

Answer 8

Occurs when 2 species attempt to use the same resources and there is not enough resources for both

Question 9

Interference Competition

Answer 9

Physical interactions over access to resources

Question 10

Exploitative Competition

Answer 10

Consuming the same resources

Question 11

2 Types of Ecological Niches

Answer 11

-Fundamental
-Realized

Question 12

Fundamental NIche

Answer 12

Entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

Question 13

Realized Niche

Answer 13

Actual set of environmental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population.

Question 14

Other causes of Niche restrictions

Answer 14

-Predator absence or presence
-Absence of pollinators

Question 15

Competitive Exclusion

Answer 15

If 2 species are competing for a limited resource, the species that uses the resources more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally

Question 16

Resource Partitioning

Answer 16

Subdivided Niche to avoid direct competition

Question 17

Prey Populations can have?

Answer 17

Explosions and crashes

Question 18

Plants adapt to predation by?

Answer 18

Evolving mechanisms to defend themselves
-Chemical defenses- secondary compounds

Question 19

Defensive Coloration

Answer 19

Insects and other animals that are poisonous use warning coloration
-organisms that lack chemical defensive often aren’t brightly colored

Question 20

Mimicry

Answer 20

Allows one Species to capitalize on defensive strategies of another
Gains advantage by looking like a distasteful model

Question 21

Types of Mimicry

Answer 21

Batesian
Mullerian

Question 22

Batesian Mimicry

Answer 22

Mimics look like distasteful species

Question 23

Mullerian Mimicry

Answer 23

Several unrelated but poisonous species come to resemble one another

Question 24

Symbiosis

Answer 24

2 or more kinds of organisms interact in more or less permanent relationships

Question 25

3 Types of Symbiosis

Answer 25

-Commensalim -Mutualism -Parasitism

Question 26

Mutualism

Answer 26

Benefits both species

Question 27

Parasitism

Answer 27

Benefits one species at the expense of another

Question 28

Ectoparasites

Answer 28

Feed on exterior surfaces of an organism

Question 29

Parasitoids

Answer 29

Insects that lay eggs on living hosts

Question 30

External Parasites

Answer 30

Obtains food from host, externally Ectoparasites Parasitoids

Question 31

Internal Parasites(Endoparasites)

Answer 31

Live inside host Selective about host to invade Simple structure

Question 32

Commensalism

Answer 32

Benefits one species without affecting the other

Question 33

Predation reduces competition by

Answer 33

Consuming a species to keep it at bay

Question 34

Keystone Species

Answer 34

Species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance

Question 35

Succession

Answer 35

Communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex -primary succession occurs on bare, lifeless substrates( rock, open water)

Question 36

Disturbance

Answer 36

Organisms gradually move into an area and change its nature

Question 37

Secondary succession

Answer 37

Occurs in area where an existing community has been but organisms still remain

Question 38

Succession happens because?

Answer 38

Species alter the habitat and the resources available in ways that favor other species entering the habitat

Question 39

Why Succession happens (3)

Answer 39

-Establishment -Facilitation -Inhibition

Question 40

Establishment

Answer 40

Early successional species are characterized by r-selected species tolerant of harsh conditions

Question 41

Facilitation

Answer 41

Early successional species introduce local changes in the habit; K-selected species replace r-selected species

Question 42

Inhibition

Answer 42

Change in the habitat cause by one species, inhibits the growth of the original species

Question 43

Communities are constantly change up due to?

Answer 43

-Climate Change -Species Invasions -Disturbance events

Question 44

Nonequilibrium models emphasize?

Answer 44

Changes rather than stability, to study communities and ecosystems

Question 45

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Answer 45

Community experienceing moderate amounts if disturbances will have higher levels of species richness than communities experiencing either little or great amounts of disturbances

Question 46

Role of Disturbance

Answer 46

Disturbance is common rather than exceptional in many communities

Question 47

COevolution

Answer 47

Features that decrease the probability of being captured are strongly favored