Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 2 Exam 4 > 54 Ecology Of Individuals And Population > Flashcards

54 Ecology Of Individuals And Population Flashcards

1
Q

The Nature of the physical environment at large determines?

A

Which organism live in a particular climate or region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Key elements of the environment

A

T- Temperature
W- Water
S- Soil
S- Sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Homeostasis

A

An individual encountering environmental variation, that maintains a steady state internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Many animals employ what? To maintain homeostasis

A

Morphology
Physiology
Behavioral Mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Short Term Responses

A

From a few minutes, to an Individuals life time
Variety of ways to cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Long Term response

A

Natural selection
Operates over time to make a population better adapted to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physiological response (coping mechanisms)

A

Internal adjustments, within an organism in response
EX:
Sweating, Making “Anti-Freeze”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Morphological Response (coping mechanisms)

A

Physical(external) changes from an organism in response
EX:
Growing fur for winter
Endotherms, have adaptations to minimize energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Behavioral Responses (coping mechanisms)

A

Physically moving, an organism moving its location or something it does in response
EX:
Moving from one habitat to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Natural selection leads to?

A

Evolutionary adaptations to environmental conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Observations of Environmental conditions

A

-Compare close related species that live in different environments
-Allens Rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Allens Rule

A

Reduces the surface area across which animals lose heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Populations

A

Groups of individuals in one place and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 Characteristics of Population Ecology

A

-Population range (area population lives in)
-Pattern of spacing of individuals
-How populations changes size over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cause of Changes in Populations(Ranges)

A

-Environmental changes
-Circumvent inhospitable habitat to colonize suitable, previously unoccupied areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cattle Egret

A

Expanded its range across ocean (Africa-> South America)
And continues to expand its range Northward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WIndBlown Fruits

A

-Asclepias Syriaca
-Acer Saccharum
-Terminalia Calamansanai

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adherent Fruits

A

-Medicago Polycarpa
-Bidens Frondosa
-Ranunculus Muricatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fleshy Fruit

A

-Solanum Dulcamara
-Junipers Chiensis
-Rubus Fruticosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spacing Patterns

A

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 Different spacing Patterns

A

-Random
-Uniform
-Clumped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Random (spacing patterns)

A

Individuals do not interact strongly with one another
Not common on nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Uniform (Spacing Patterns)

A

Behavioral interactions, resource competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Clumped (space patterns)

A

Uneven distribution of resources
Common in Nature

25
MetaPopulations
Occur in areas in which suitable habitable land is disturbed in patches throughout intervening stretches of unsuitable habitable land
26
MetaPopulations Dispersal
-Interaction may not be symmetrical -Populations increase and send out many dispersers -Small populations have few dispersers -Individual populations may become extinct -Population bottlenecks may occur
27
Source-Sink MetaPopulations
-Some areas are suitable for long-term habitat, other are not -Populations in better areas, bolster the population in poorer areas
28
SOURCE-sink MetaPopulations
Populations in better areas
29
Source-SINK MetaPopulations
Poorer Areas
30
2 Implications of MetaPopulation
-Continuous colonization of empty patches prevents long-term extinction -In Source-Sink MetaPopulations, the species occupies a larger area than it otherwise might not
31
Demography
Quantitative study of populations
32
Population Demography
How size changes through time -Whole Populations- Increaseing, Decreasing, remains constant Population broken down into parts -Study birth and death rates of a specific age
33
Population growth can be influenced by?
The populations sex ratio (Number of births directly related to number of females)
34
Generation Times
Average Interval between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring -Populations with shirt GT can increase in size more quickly than populations with large GT
35
Age Structure
Determined by the numbers of individuals in a different age group -Has a critical influence on a populations growth rate.
36
Cohort (age structure)
Group of individuals of the same age
37
Fecundity (age structure)
Number of offspring produced in a standard time
38
Mortality (age structure)
Death rate in a standard time
39
What is Survivorship (population demography)
Percent of an Original population that survives to a given age
40
What is Survivorship Curve (population demography)
Expression of some aspects of age distribution
41
Survivorship Curves
Survivorship curves can be classified into 3 General Types -Type 1 -Type 2 -Type 3
42
Type 1 (Survivorship)
Low death rate during EARLY and MIDDLE life and an increase in death rate among older groups
43
Type 2 (survivorship)
A constant death rate over the organisms life span
44
Type 3 (survivorship)
High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors
45
Life History
Natural selection favors traits that maximize the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation (by an individual) -Complete life cycle of an organism
46
2 Factors affecting Life History Quantity
-How long an individual lives -How many young it produces each year
47
Trade-Off
Limited resources vs. Increased population
48
Survival of offspring
The number of offspring is NOT AS important as the number offspring that reproduces
49
Balance between Number of offspring and the size of offspring
-Larger offspring have a greater chance of survival -producing many small offspring may result in very low survival rates
50
Age at first reproduction
Correlates with life span -long-lived species delay reproduction -Short-lived species reproduce early
51
Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Populations often remain the same size regardless of the number of offspring born
52
Exponential Growth Model
Applies to populations with NO growth limits R=(b-d)+(i-e) r- rate of population increase b- Birth rate d- Death rate i- Immigration e-emigration
53
Biotic Potential
e=i, and there are no limits on population growth, then: dN\dt= riN N- number of individuals in the popular DN/dt- rate of change over time Ri- intrinsic rate of natural increase for the population= innate capacity to grow
54
Logistic Growth Model
Applies to populations as they reach K dN/dt=rN(K-N)/K
55
Density-Dependent (K-selection)
Factors that affect the population and depend on population size
56
Density-Independent (K-Selection)
Other factors, such as natural disasters, affect populations regardless of size
57
Density-Independent Effects
Rate of growth of a population at any instant is limited by something unrelated to the size of the population Population displays erratic growth patterns
58
Resource Availability
Resource availability affects life history adaptations When resources are limited, the cost of reproduction is high Selection favors individuals who can can compete and utilize resources efficiently
59
r-selected Populations
Populations Far below carrying capacity, resources abundant Cost of reproduction are low Favors those with highest reproductive rates

Bio 2 Exam 4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions