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Bio 2 Exam 4 > 54 Ecology Of Individuals And Population > Flashcards

54 Ecology Of Individuals And Population Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Nature of the physical environment at large determines?

A

Which organism live in a particular climate or region

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2
Q

Key elements of the environment

A

T- Temperature
W- Water
S- Soil
S- Sunlight

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

An individual encountering environmental variation, that maintains a steady state internally

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4
Q

Many animals employ what? To maintain homeostasis

A

Morphology
Physiology
Behavioral Mechanisms

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5
Q

Short Term Responses

A

From a few minutes, to an Individuals life time
Variety of ways to cope

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6
Q

Long Term response

A

Natural selection
Operates over time to make a population better adapted to the environment

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7
Q

Physiological response (coping mechanisms)

A

Internal adjustments, within an organism in response
EX:
Sweating, Making “Anti-Freeze”

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8
Q

Morphological Response (coping mechanisms)

A

Physical(external) changes from an organism in response
EX:
Growing fur for winter
Endotherms, have adaptations to minimize energy expenditure

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9
Q

Behavioral Responses (coping mechanisms)

A

Physically moving, an organism moving its location or something it does in response
EX:
Moving from one habitat to another

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10
Q

Natural selection leads to?

A

Evolutionary adaptations to environmental conditions.

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11
Q

Observations of Environmental conditions

A

-Compare close related species that live in different environments
-Allens Rule

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12
Q

Allens Rule

A

Reduces the surface area across which animals lose heat.

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13
Q

Populations

A

Groups of individuals in one place and time

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14
Q

3 Characteristics of Population Ecology

A

-Population range (area population lives in)
-Pattern of spacing of individuals
-How populations changes size over time

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15
Q

Cause of Changes in Populations(Ranges)

A

-Environmental changes
-Circumvent inhospitable habitat to colonize suitable, previously unoccupied areas

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16
Q

Cattle Egret

A

Expanded its range across ocean (Africa-> South America)
And continues to expand its range Northward

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17
Q

WIndBlown Fruits

A

-Asclepias Syriaca
-Acer Saccharum
-Terminalia Calamansanai

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18
Q

Adherent Fruits

A

-Medicago Polycarpa
-Bidens Frondosa
-Ranunculus Muricatus

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19
Q

Fleshy Fruit

A

-Solanum Dulcamara
-Junipers Chiensis
-Rubus Fruticosus

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20
Q

Spacing Patterns

A

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

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21
Q

3 Different spacing Patterns

A

-Random
-Uniform
-Clumped

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22
Q

Random (spacing patterns)

A

Individuals do not interact strongly with one another
Not common on nature

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23
Q

Uniform (Spacing Patterns)

A

Behavioral interactions, resource competition

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24
Q

Clumped (space patterns)

A

Uneven distribution of resources
Common in Nature

25
Q

MetaPopulations

A

Occur in areas in which suitable habitable land is disturbed in patches throughout intervening stretches of unsuitable habitable land

26
Q

MetaPopulations Dispersal

A

-Interaction may not be symmetrical
-Populations increase and send out many dispersers
-Small populations have few dispersers
-Individual populations may become extinct
-Population bottlenecks may occur

27
Q

Source-Sink MetaPopulations

A

-Some areas are suitable for long-term habitat, other are not
-Populations in better areas, bolster the population in poorer areas

28
Q

SOURCE-sink MetaPopulations

A

Populations in better areas

29
Q

Source-SINK MetaPopulations

A

Poorer Areas

30
Q

2 Implications of MetaPopulation

A

-Continuous colonization of empty patches prevents long-term extinction
-In Source-Sink MetaPopulations, the species occupies a larger area than it otherwise might not

31
Q

Demography

A

Quantitative study of populations

32
Q

Population Demography

A

How size changes through time
-Whole Populations- Increaseing, Decreasing, remains constant

Population broken down into parts
-Study birth and death rates of a specific age

33
Q

Population growth can be influenced by?

A

The populations sex ratio
(Number of births directly related to number of females)

34
Q

Generation Times

A

Average Interval between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring
-Populations with shirt GT can increase in size more quickly than populations with large GT

35
Q

Age Structure

A

Determined by the numbers of individuals in a different age group
-Has a critical influence on a populations growth rate.

36
Q

Cohort (age structure)

A

Group of individuals of the same age

37
Q

Fecundity (age structure)

A

Number of offspring produced in a standard time

38
Q

Mortality (age structure)

A

Death rate in a standard time

39
Q

What is Survivorship (population demography)

A

Percent of an Original population that survives to a given age

40
Q

What is Survivorship Curve (population demography)

A

Expression of some aspects of age distribution

41
Q

Survivorship Curves

A

Survivorship curves can be classified into 3 General Types
-Type 1
-Type 2
-Type 3

42
Q

Type 1 (Survivorship)

A

Low death rate during EARLY and MIDDLE life and an increase in death rate among older groups

43
Q

Type 2 (survivorship)

A

A constant death rate over the organisms life span

44
Q

Type 3 (survivorship)

A

High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

45
Q

Life History

A

Natural selection favors traits that maximize the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation (by an individual)
-Complete life cycle of an organism

46
Q

2 Factors affecting Life History Quantity

A

-How long an individual lives
-How many young it produces each year

47
Q

Trade-Off

A

Limited resources vs. Increased population

48
Q

Survival of offspring

A

The number of offspring is NOT AS important as the number offspring that reproduces

49
Q

Balance between Number of offspring and the size of offspring

A

-Larger offspring have a greater chance of survival
-producing many small offspring may result in very low survival rates

50
Q

Age at first reproduction

A

Correlates with life span
-long-lived species delay reproduction
-Short-lived species reproduce early

51
Q

Environmental Limits to Population Growth

A

Populations often remain the same size regardless of the number of offspring born

52
Q

Exponential Growth Model

A

Applies to populations with NO growth limits
R=(b-d)+(i-e)
r- rate of population increase
b- Birth rate
d- Death rate
i- Immigration
e-emigration

53
Q

Biotic Potential

A

e=i, and there are no limits on population growth, then:
dN\dt= riN
N- number of individuals in the popular
DN/dt- rate of change over time
Ri- intrinsic rate of natural increase for the population= innate capacity to grow

54
Q

Logistic Growth Model

A

Applies to populations as they reach K
dN/dt=rN(K-N)/K

55
Q

Density-Dependent (K-selection)

A

Factors that affect the population and depend on population size

56
Q

Density-Independent (K-Selection)

A

Other factors, such as natural disasters, affect populations regardless of size

57
Q

Density-Independent Effects

A

Rate of growth of a population at any instant is limited by something unrelated to the size of the population
Population displays erratic growth patterns

58
Q

Resource Availability

A

Resource availability affects life history adaptations
When resources are limited, the cost of reproduction is high
Selection favors individuals who can can compete and utilize resources efficiently

59
Q

r-selected Populations

A

Populations Far below carrying capacity, resources abundant
Cost of reproduction are low
Favors those with highest reproductive rates

Bio 2 Exam 4 (3 decks)

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