5.5: Antibodies Flashcards
Antibodies
Antibodies are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells
Antibodies are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells.
When the body is infected by non-self material, what does a B cell do?
When the body is infected by non-self material, a B cell produces a specific antibody
Antibodies are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells.
When the body is infected by non-self material, a B cell produces a specific antibody.
This specific antibody reacts with an antigen on the surface of the non-self material by doing what?
This specific antibody reacts with an antigen on the surface of the non-self material by binding to them
What does the primary immune response establish?
The primary immune response establishes immunological memory
Antibodies are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells.
When the body is infected by non-self material, a B cell produces a specific antibody.
This specific antibody reacts with an antigen on the surface of the non-self material by binding to them.
Each antibody has 2 identical what?
Each antibody has 2 identical binding sites
Antibodies are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells.
When the body is infected by non-self material, a B cell produces a specific antibody.
This specific antibody reacts with an antigen on the surface of the non-self material by binding to them.
Each antibody has 2 identical binding sites.
Describe the antibody binding sites
The antibody binding sites are complementary to a specific antigen
Antibodies are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells.
When the body is infected by non-self material, a B cell produces a specific antibody.
This specific antibody reacts with an antigen on the surface of the non-self material by binding to them.
Each antibody has 2 identical binding sites.
The antibody binding sites are complementary to a specific antigen.
How is the massive variety of antibodies possible?
The massive variety of antibodies is possible, because they are made of proteins
Antibodies are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells.
When the body is infected by non-self material, a B cell produces a specific antibody.
This specific antibody reacts with an antigen on the surface of the non-self material by binding to them.
Each antibody has 2 identical binding sites.
The antibody binding sites are complementary to a specific antigen.
The massive variety of antibodies is possible, because they are made of proteins - molecules that occur how?
The massive variety of antibodies is possible, because they are made of proteins - molecules that occur in an almost infinite number of forms
What are antibodies made up of?
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are what and are called what?
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are:
1. Long
2. Called heavy chains
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are what and are known as what?
The:
1. Chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains
,while
2. Chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as what?
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called what?
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region.
What does each binding site consist of?
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region.
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that do what?
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a specific 3D shape
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region.
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a specific 3D shape that does what?
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a specific 3D shape that binds directly to a specific antigen
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region.
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a specific 3D shape that binds directly to a specific antigen.
What is the rest of the antibody known as?
The rest of the antibody is known as the constant region
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region.
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a specific 3D shape that binds directly to a specific antigen.
The rest of the antibody is known as the constant region.
What does the constant region do?
The constant region binds to receptors on cells such as B cells
What are the same for all antibodies?
The constant regions are the same for all antibodies
What does the specificity of an antibody depend on?
The specificity of an antibody depends on its variable regions
Each antibody has a differently shaped what?
Each antibody has a differently shaped variable region
Each antibody has a differently shaped variable region, due to what?
Each antibody has a differently shaped variable region, due to different amino acid sequences
Each antibody has a differently shaped variable region, due to different amino acid sequences, that is what?
Each antibody has a differently shaped variable region, due to different amino acid sequences, that is complementary to one specific antigen
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region.
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a specific 3D shape that binds directly to a specific antigen.
The rest of the antibody is known as the constant region.
The constant region binds to receptors on cells such as B cells.
Antibodies also have what between their heavy chains and light chains?
Antibodies also have hinge regions between their:
- Heavy chains
- Light chains
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
The chains of one pair are long and are called heavy chains, while the chains of the other pair are shorter and are known as light chains.
Each antibody has a specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form what is known as an antigen-antibody complex.
The binding site is different on different antibodies is therefore called the variable region.
Each binding site consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a specific 3D shape that binds directly to a specific antigen.
The rest of the antibody is known as the constant region.
The constant region binds to receptors on cells such as B cells.
Antibodies also have hinge regions between their heavy chains and light chains.
There are 2 what between the 2 heavy chains?
There are 2 disulphide bridges between the 2 heavy chains
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather do what?
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction.
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen how?
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen in a range of ways
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction.
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen in a range of ways.
For example, when the antigen is a bacterial cell, how do antibodies assist in its destruction?
For example, when the antigen is a bacterial cell, antibodies assist in its destruction in 2 ways:
- They cause agglutination of the bacterial cells
- They then serve as markers
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction.
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen in a range of ways.
For example, when the antigen is a bacterial cell, antibodies assist in its destruction in 2 ways - They cause agglutination of the bacterial cells and they then serve as markers.
With agglutination, what are formed?
With agglutination, clumps of bacterial cells are formed
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction.
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen in a range of ways.
For example, when the antigen is a bacterial cell, antibodies assist in its destruction in 2 ways - They cause agglutination of the bacterial cells and they then serve as markers.
With agglutination, clumps of bacterial cells are formed, as the antibodies cause them to do what?
With agglutination, clumps of bacterial cells are formed, as the antibodies cause them to stick together
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction.
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen in a range of ways.
For example, when the antigen is a bacterial cell, antibodies assist in its destruction in 2 ways - They cause agglutination of the bacterial cells and they then serve as markers.
With agglutination, clumps of bacterial cells are formed, as the antibodies cause them to stick together.
What does this do?
This makes it easier for the phagocytes to:
1. Locate
2. Engulf
them
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction.
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen in a range of ways.
For example, when the antigen is a bacterial cell, antibodies assist in its destruction in 2 ways - They cause agglutination of the bacterial cells and they then serve as markers.
With agglutination, clumps of bacterial cells are formed, as the antibodies cause them to stick together.
This makes it easier for the phagocytes to locate and engulf them, as they are less what?
This makes it easier for the phagocytes to:
1. Locate
2. Engulf
them, as they are less spread-out within the body
Antibodies do not destroy antigens directly, but rather prepare the antigen for destruction.
Different antibodies lead to the destruction of an antigen in a range of ways.
For example, when the antigen is a bacterial cell, antibodies assist in its destruction in 2 ways - They cause agglutination of the bacterial cells and they then serve as markers.
With agglutination, clumps of bacterial cells are formed, as the antibodies cause them to stick together.
This makes it easier for the phagocytes to locate and engulf them, as they are less spread-out within the body.
Antibodies then serve as markers that do what?
Antibodies then serve as markers that stimulate phagocytes to engulf the bacterial cells to which they are attached
Why is agglutination possible?
Agglutination is possible, because each antibody has 2 antigen binding sites
Neutralisation:
Some pathogens make us ill by doing what?
Some pathogens make us ill by producing toxins
Neutralisation:
Some pathogens make us ill by producing toxins.
Some antibodies work by doing what?
Some antibodies work by neutralising these toxins
Viruses have proteins on their surface that do what?
Viruses have proteins on their surface that:
1. Recognise
2. Bind to
receptors on the surface of the host cell
Viruses have proteins on their surface that recognise and bind to receptors on the surface of the host cell.
This is how many viruses do what?
This is how many viruses enter their host cell
Viruses have proteins on their surface that recognise and bind to receptors on the surface of the host cell.
This is how many viruses enter their host cell.
What can antibodies do?
Antibodies can:
- Bind to viruses
- Stop them attaching to their host cells
A bacterium or other microorganism entering the body is likely to have many hundreds of different antigens on its surface.
Each antigen will do what?
Each antigen will induce a different B cell to:
- Multiply
- Form a clone of itself
A bacterium or other microorganism entering the body is likely to have many hundreds of different antigens on its surface.
Each antigen will induce a different B cell to multiply and form a clone of itself.
Each of these clones will produce a different what?
Each of these clones will produce a different antibody
A bacterium or other microorganism entering the body is likely to have many hundreds of different antigens on its surface.
Each antigen will induce a different B cell to multiply and form a clone of itself.
Each of these clones will produce a different antibody.
It is of considerable medical value to be able to produce antibodies where?
It is of considerable medical value to be able to produce antibodies outside of the body