5.3: T lymphocytes and cell mediated immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the initial response of the body to infection?

A

The initial response of the body to infection is non-specific

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2
Q

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the what of invading cells?

A
Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the:
1. Cell-surface membranes
Or,
2. Cell walls
of invading cells
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3
Q

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as what?

A

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as:
1. Microorganisms
Or,
2. Abnormal body cells

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4
Q

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as microorganisms or abnormal body cells, like what?

A

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as:
1. Microorganisms
Or,
2. Abnormal body cells, like cancer cells

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5
Q

Antigens are usually proteins that are part of the cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, such as microorganisms or abnormal body cells, like cancer cells.
What does the presence of an antigen do as part of the body’s defence system?

A

The presence of an antigen triggers the production of an antibody as part of the body’s defence system

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6
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide what?

A

These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity

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7
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
What are lymphocytes produced by?

A

Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells

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8
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells where?

A

Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow

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9
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own what?

A

There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response

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10
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
Why are B lymphocytes (B cells) so called?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow

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11
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with what immunity?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with humoral immunity

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12
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with humoral immunity.
What is humoral immunity?

A

Humoral immunity is immunity involving antibodies that are present in:
1. Body fluids
Or,
2. ‘Humour’

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13
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are so called, because they mature in the bone marrow.
B lymphocytes (B cells) are associated with humoral immunity.
Humoral immunity is immunity involving antibodies that are present in body fluids or ‘humour,’ such as what?

A

Humoral immunity is immunity involving antibodies that are present in:
1. Body fluids
Or,
2. ‘Humour,’ such as blood plasma

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14
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
Why are T lymphocytes (T cells) so called?

A

T lymphocytes (T cells) are so called, because they mature in the thymus gland

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15
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are so called, because they mature in the thymus gland.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are associated with what immunity?

A

T lymphocytes (T cells) are associated with cell-mediated immunity

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16
Q

Immune responses such as phagocytosis are non-specific and occur whatever the infection.
The body also has specific responses that react to specific antigens.
These are slower in action at first, but they can provide long-term immunity.
This specific immune response depends on a type of white cell called a lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, each with its own role in the immune response.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are so called, because they mature in the thymus gland.
T lymphocytes (T cells) are associated with cell-mediated immunity.
What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity is immunity involving body cells

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17
Q

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:
1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present what on their own cell-surface membrane?

A

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane

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18
Q

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:

  1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
  2. What do body cells invaded by a virus do?
A

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because body cells invaded by a virus present some of the viral antigens on their own cell-surface membrane

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19
Q

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:

  1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
  2. Body cells invaded by a virus present some of the viral antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
  3. What do transplanted cells from individuals of the same species have?
A

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because transplanted cells from individuals of the same species have different antigens on their cell-surface membrane

20
Q

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because:

  1. Phagocytes that have engulfed and hydrolysed a pathogen present some of a pathogen’s antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
  2. Body cells invaded by a virus present some of the viral antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
  3. Transplanted cells from individuals of the same species have different antigens on their cell-surface membrane.
  4. Cancer cells are different from normal body cells and do what?
A

T lymphocytes can distinguish invader cells from normal cells, because cancer cells are different from normal body cells and present antigens on their cell-surface membranes

21
Q

What are cells that display foreign antigens on their surface called?

A

Cells that display foreign antigens on their surface are called antigen-presenting cells

22
Q

Cells that display foreign antigens on their surface are called antigen-presenting cells, because they can do what?

A

Cells that display foreign antigens on their surface are called antigen-presenting cells, because they can present antigens of other cells on their own cell-surface membrane

23
Q

What will T lymphocytes only respond to?

A

T lymphocytes will only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell

24
Q

T lymphocytes will only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell, rather than to what?

A

T lymphocytes will only respond to:
1. Antigens that are presented on a body cell
,rather than to
2. Antigens within the body fluids

25
Q

T lymphocytes will only respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell, rather than to antigens within the body fluids.
What is this type of response called?

A

This type of response is called:
1. Cell-mediated immunity
Or,
2. The cellular response

26
Q

The role of the receptors on T cells is important.

What do the receptors on each T cell respond to?

A

The receptors on each T cell respond to a single antigen

27
Q

The role of the receptors on T cells is important.
The receptors on each T cell respond to a single antigen.
There is a vast number of different types of T cell, each one responding to a different what?

A

There is a vast number of different types of T cell, each one responding to a different antigen

28
Q

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

1. Pathogens invade body cells or are what?

A

Pathogens:
1. Invade body cells
Or,
2. Are taken in by phagocytes

29
Q

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

  1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
  2. What does the phagocyte do?
A

The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane

30
Q

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

  1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
  2. The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane.
  3. Receptors on a specific what T cell fit exactly onto these antigens?
A

Receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens

31
Q

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

  1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
  2. The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane.
  3. Receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens.
  4. What does this attachment do?
A

This attachment activates the T cell to:

  1. Divide rapidly by mitosis
  2. Form a clone of genetically identical cells
32
Q

The response of T lymphocytes to infection by a pathogen:

  1. Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes.
  2. The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane.
  3. Receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens.
  4. This attachment activates the T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone of genetically identical cells.
  5. What do the cloned T cells do?
A

The cloned T cells:

  1. Develop into memory cells that enable a rapid response to future infections by the same pathogen
  2. Stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
  3. Stimulate B cells to divide and secret their antibody
  4. Activate cytotoxic T cells
33
Q

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:

What cells do cytotoxic T cells kill?

A

Cytotoxic T cells kill:

  1. Abnormal cells
  2. Body cells that are infected by pathogens
34
Q

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:

Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by doing what?

A

Cytotoxic T cells kill:
1. Abnormal cells
2. Body cells that are infected by pathogens
,by producing a protein called perforin

35
Q

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that does what?

A

Cytotoxic T cells kill:
1. Abnormal cells
2. Body cells that are infected by pathogens
,by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane

36
Q

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane.
What do these holes mean?

A

These holes mean that the:

  1. Cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances
  2. Cell dies as a result
37
Q

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane.
These holes mean that the cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances and the cell dies as a result.
What does this illustrate?

A

This illustrates the vital importance of cell-surface membranes in maintaining the integrity of cells

38
Q

How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells:
Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane.
These holes mean that the cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances and the cell dies as a result.
This illustrates the vital importance of cell-surface membranes in maintaining the integrity of cells and hence what?

A

This illustrates the vital importance of cell-surface membranes in maintaining:

  1. The integrity of cells
  2. Hence their survival
39
Q

What is the action of T cells most effective against?

A

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses

40
Q

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses, why?

A

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses, because viruses replicate inside cells

41
Q

The action of T cells is most effective against viruses, because viruses replicate inside cells.
As viruses use living cells in which to replicate, this sacrifice of body cells prevents what?

A

As viruses use living cells in which to replicate, this sacrifice of body cells prevents viruses from:
1. Multiplying
2. Infecting
more cells

42
Q

What do T lymphocytes respond to?

A

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material

43
Q

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example what?

A

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example a:
1. Virus
Or,
2. Cancer cell

44
Q

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example a virus or a cancer cell.
What do T lymphocytes also respond to?

A

T lymphocytes also respond to transplanted material

45
Q

T lymphocytes respond to an organism’s own cells that have been invaded by non-self material, for example a virus or a cancer cell.
T lymphocytes also respond to transplanted material, which is what?

A

T lymphocytes also respond to transplanted material, which is genetically different