3.5: Cell specialisation and organisation Flashcards
In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform what functions?
In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform specific functions
In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised to perform specific functions.
Similar cells are then grouped together into tissues, tissues are then grouped together into organs and organs are then grouped together into organ systems for what?
- Similar cells are then grouped together into tissues
- Tissues are then grouped together into organs
- Organs are then grouped together into organ systems
for increased efficiency
To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform what?
To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions
To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions.
However, no one cell can provide what?
No one cell can provide the best conditions for all functions
To stay alive, all cells of a multicellular organism perform certain basic functions.
However, no one cell can provide the best conditions for all functions.
Therefore the cells of multicellular organisms are each specialised in different ways to perform a particular role.
Each specialised cell has evolved what to suit the role it carries out?
Each specialised cell has evolved: 1. More Or, 2. Fewer of certain organelles and structures to suit the role it carries out
The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially what?
The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical
The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own what?
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics
The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that do what?
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that suit it to the function that it will perform when it is mature
The first group of cells in an embryo are all initially identical.
As it matures, each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that suit it to the function that it will perform when it is mature.
In other words, each cell becomes specialised in what to suit the what that it will carry out?
In other words, each cell becomes specialised in structure to suit the role that it will carry out
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by what?
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same what?
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to do what?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are what in any one cell?
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one what?
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time.
Different genes are switched on in each type of what?
Different genes are switched on in each type of specialised cell
All the cells in an organism, such as a human, are produced by mitotic divisions from the fertilised egg.
It follows that they all contain exactly the same genes.
How then does the cell become specialised?
Every cell contains the genes needed for it to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism.
But only some of these genes are switched on (expressed) in any one cell, at any one time.
Different genes are switched on in each type of specialised cell.
The rest of the genes are what?
The rest of the genes are switched off
It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also what?
It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also the numbers of each of their organelles
It is not just the shape of different cells that varies, but also the numbers of each of their organelles.
Examples
For example:
- A muscle or sperm cell will have many mitochondria, while a bone cell has very few
- White blood cells have many lysosomes, while a muscle cell has very few
The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become what?
The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function
The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function.
These cells are adapted to their own particular function and perform it more what?
These cells:
- Are adapted to their own particular function
- Perform it more effectively
The cells of a multicellular organism have therefore evolved to become more and more suited to one specialised function.
These cells are adapted to their own particular function and perform it more effectively.
As a result, what?
As a result, the whole organism functions efficiently
For working efficiency, cells are normally what?
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a what?
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found where?
Epithelial tissues are found in animals
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of what?
Epithelial tissues:
- Are found in animals
- Consist of sheets of cells
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
They line what?
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a what function?
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a: 1. Protective Or, 2. Secretory function
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including what?
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including:
- Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place
- Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example what, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct?
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including:
- Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs
- Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example what?
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including:
- Those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs
- Ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example the trachea
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Epithelial tissues are found in animals and consist of sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissues line the surfaces of organs and often have a protective or secretory function.
There are many similar types of epithelial tissues, including those that are made up of thin, flat cells that line organs where diffusion takes place, for example the alveoli of the lungs, and ciliated epithelium that lines a duct, for example the trachea.
The cilia are used to do what?
The cilia are used to move mucus over the epithelial surface
For working efficiency, cells are normally aggregated together.
Such a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
Examples of tissues:
Xylem occurs where?
Xylem occurs in plants