5.4a Cat. of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
A group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain and nervous system.
ADHD
persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning in multiple areas of life, such as school, work, or social relationships.
ASD
persistent challenges in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors.
Delusions
Fixed, false beliefs that are held with strong conviction despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary.
Delusions of Persecution
false beliefs that one is being harmed, threatened, or spied on by others.
Delusions of Grandeur
False beliefs about one’s own importance, power, or abilities that persist despite evidence to the contrary
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus.
Disorganized Thinking or Speech
A difficulty in expressing thoughts in a logical and linear manner: incoherent or illogical speech patterns.
Word Salad
A jumble of words and phrases that lack logical structure or meaning.
Disorganized Motor Behavior
unusual, purposeless, or unpredictable movements and behaviors, often seen in individuals with schizophrenia, which can include childlike silliness, agitation, or repetitive actions.
Catatonia
a state of altered consciousness and behavior characterized by:
Motor disturbances, emotional withdrawal, cognitive impairment, and disordered speech.
Stupor
a state of lethargy and impaired consciousness, marked by disorientation, unresponsiveness, and immobility, requiring vigorous stimulation to briefly arouse the individual.
Catatonic Stupor
a state of markedly slowed motor activity or immobility, seeming unawareness of surroundings.
Positive Symptoms
abnormal or exaggerated behaviors, thoughts, and perceptions that are added to a person’s normal repertoire, indicating a distortion or excess of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
a lack of normal thoughts, behaviors, or emotions. They can include flat affect, low motivation, and social withdrawal.
Flat affect
the observable absence of emotional reactivity, characterized by a lack of emotional expression in facial expressions, voice, and body language
Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders
A range of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior, often including psychosis (hallucinations and delusions)
Schizophrenia
a mental disorder that involves disorganized thinking, perceptions, and behaviors. People with schizophrenia may also experience hallucinations and delusions.
Acute Schizophrenia
a sudden onset of severe symptoms.
Chronic Schizophrenia
a subtype of schizophrenia that is characterized by long-term symptoms
Dopamine Hypothesis
excessive dopamine activity, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway, is linked to the positive symptoms (“add on’s”) of the disorder.
Depressive Disorders
characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
a mental disorder that involves a persistent low mood and loss of interest in activities
Persistent Depressive Disorder
a chronic depression that’s less severe than major depressive disorder (MDD) but lasts longer
Depression
pervasive sadness, loss of interest, and difficulty functioning, often accompanied by physical symptoms and cognitive impairments.
Anxiety Disorders
excessive fear or anxiety. They can cause people to avoid situations that trigger their symptoms.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a persistent and excessive worry or anxiety about a variety of events or activities, that interferes with daily functioning and is difficult to control.
Specific Phobia
an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that causes significant distress and avoidance, even though the person recognizes the fear is unreasonable
Acrophobia
an irrational and excessive fear of heights, a specific type of anxiety disorder and phobia.
Arachnophobia
an intense and persistent fear of spiders and other arachnids, a specific phobia that causes significant distress and can interfere with daily life.
Agoraphobia
fear or anxiety about situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available in the event of panic symptoms.
Panic Disorders
recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are episodes of intense fear and physical symptoms, often without a clear trigger or danger.
Panic Attacks
a sudden, unexpected episode of intense fear or discomfort, often accompanied by physical symptoms like rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, and dizziness, that can feel like a “false alarm” of the body’s “fight-or-flight” response
Culture-Bound Anxiety Disorder
a psychological or behavioral disorder that is unique to a particular culture or ethnic group, often influenced by the beliefs and practices of that culture.
Ataque de Nervios
a culturally-bound syndrome, particularly prevalent among Latino populations, characterized by intense emotional upset and physical symptoms in response to stressful events, sometimes including screaming, trembling, or feelings of being out of control.
Social Anxiety Disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, persistent fear of social situations and being judged by others, leading to avoidance of such situations.
Taijin Kyofusho
a culture-bound social anxiety disorder, primarily found in Japan, characterized by an intense fear of offending or harming others through one’s body parts, functions, or expressions, rather than a fear of being judged or embarrassed.
