5.4 population

Question 1

Define population

Answer 1

total number of people inhabiting a specific area.

Question 2

3 main factors that impact population

Answer 2

Birth rates
Death rates
Net migration

Question 3

Define birth rate

how is it expressed

Answer 3

average number of children born in a country each year compared to the total population of an economy

number of births for every 1000 people in the population

Question 4

Define death rate

Answer 4

the number of people who die each year compared to every 1000 people of the population

Question 5

Define net migration

Answer 5

measures the difference between the immigration and emigration to and from an economy.

Question 6

2 cases of net migration

Answer 6

net inward migration
net outward migration

Question 7

Adv and disadv of net inward migration

Answer 7

increase the working population of the economy
More taxes

cons:
pressure on governments finances as demand for housing, education and welfare increase.
GPD per capita may decrease
May have to spend more on welfare benefits

Question 8

Adv disadv of net outward migration

Answer 8

Increase in income per capita (if the emigrants send money back home)
HDI may increase

cons:
Loss in taxes
Loss in skilled workers

Question 9

Factors that influence birth rate
briefly explain each

Answer 9

Living standards - if poor then parents have more kids incase a few die since kids work to produce food, income, etc - birthrates increase. Vice versa

contraception + legalised abortion- reduced birth rates in developed countries - birthrates decrease

Customs - not fashionable to have large families now. birth rates decrease

Religion - some don’t allow the use of contraception and abortion so birth rates increase

Changes in female employment - women don’t want motherhood interfering with career - developed countries - birthrate has reduced

Marriage - people are marrying later - birthrate reduces

Question 10

Why would people migrate

Answer 10

Living standards - migrate from lower to higher

Emploment/wages - seek better job opportunities.

Climate - Extreme climate countries face more emigration than others

Question 11

What is overpopulation

Answer 11

A situation where there are too many people and too few resources

Question 12

What is the dependency ratio

Answer 12

Measures the dependent population to total working population

dependent population/working population

Question 13

What is the dependent population

Answer 13

Part of the population that is not included in the labour force and hence depends on the labour force to provide goods and services to fulfil their needs and wants.

Question 14

Analyze a dependent ratio of x

Answer 14

Every working person is not only supporting himself, but also x other people who are not in work

Question 15

Eg of people in dependent population

Answer 15

Elderly
Children
Stay at home spouses
Prisoners

Question 16

What happens as dependent ratio increases

Answer 16

Standard of living decreases - One person’s income gets further divided to support the people dependent on him

Question 17

Even if a person doesn’t have to support dependent population directly, how do they have to indriectly

Answer 17

Have to pay higher taxes so that govt can spend money to support dependent population

Question 18

What happens if working population is unable to produce enough good and services for the dependent population

Answer 18

Govt will have to import goods which will lead to their BoP becoming unfavourable

Question 19

What is unerpopulation

Answer 19

Situation where a coutnry doesnt have enoguh human resources to make the best use of its other man made and natural resources

Question 20

How do govts combat underpopulation

Answer 20

Incentivize families to have children - income support, free childcare, employment policies for more time off, education, etc

May also incentivize the immigraiton of skilled labour

Question 21

How can govts combat overpoplation

Answer 21

Increase productivity of resources - new tech

Question 22

4 ways to analyze population structure

Answer 22

Age
Gender
Geographic
Occupational

Question 23

Define age destribution

Answer 23

Percentage of population in each age group[

Question 24

Consequences of an ageing population:

Answer 24

High dependence ratio

Increase in demand for products for old people including healthcare.

Opportunity cost - the government will have to spend more on housing, old age welfare schemes etc.

Old people are less mobile and so the economy will be slow to adapt to new technologies.

Question 25

What do falling birth and deaht rates means
which type of economy

Answer 25

Higher avg age

developed

Question 26

What do high birth and death rates mean

Answer 26

Lower avg age

Developing, under developed

Question 27

Define gender distribution

Answer 27

balance of males and females

Question 28

What is the sex ratio

Answer 28

no. of males to the no. of females

Question 29

Define gender imbalance

Answer 29

excess of males or females

Question 30

Some reasons for gender imbalance

Answer 30

Wars killing many young males
Violence towards females (honour killings, rapes)
Sex-specific immigration – more males immigrate to a country looking for work

Question 31

Consequences of changes in gender dist

Answer 31

having more females will encourage birth rates to rise and increase population growth

more females in employment will increase productivity

more females in education and employment will increase living standards

a more balanced gender distribution can aid better social equality as social attitudes towards women in education and employment become progressive

Question 32

What is a population pyramid

Answer 32

Diagram that displays the age and gender distribution of an economy.

Question 33

How does occupation differ in developed vs developed and underdeveloped

Answer 33

Developed - service sector
Underdeveloped - primary sector
Developing - migration from primary to secondary and service

Question 34

What is an optimal population

Answer 34

output of goods and services per head of the population is maximised

Question 35

What are the effects of increasing population

Answer 35

Increases size of the real-estate market

Economic growth - high demand

Increased supply of labour

More pressure on scare resources (esp land)

More capital goods

Fall in rate of productivity - too many people working on limited resources means low productivity.

Shift of employment and output from the primary sector towards the services sector

Congestion of urban centres