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iGCSE Chemistry > 5.4 Organics 2 > Flashcards

5.4 Organics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are alcohols?

A

organic molecules containing -OH functional group

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2
Q

What are alcohols?

A

organic molecules containing -OH functional group

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3
Q

What functional group do alcohols contain?

A

-OH functional group

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4
Q

What is the formula for methanol?

A

CH3OH

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5
Q

How many carbons does methanol have?

A

one carbon

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6
Q

What is the formula for ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

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7
Q

What is the formula for propanol?

A

C3H7OH

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8
Q

What is the formula for but all?

A

C4H9OH

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9
Q

How many carbons does ethanol have?

A

2 carbons

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10
Q

How many carbons does propanol have?

A

3 carbons

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11
Q

How many carbons does butanol have?

A

4 carbons

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12
Q

Where is OH attached in propan-1-ol?

A

OH attached to end carbon

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13
Q

Where is OH attached in propan-2-ol?

A

OH attached to middle carbon

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14
Q

What are the three categories of formula for alcohols?

A

molecular formula
displayed formula
structural formula

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15
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

each element only once

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16
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

every atom and bond drawn out showing structure of molecule

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17
Q

What is structural formula?

A

showing structure of formula without drawing bonds and atoms

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18
Q

How is ethanol manufactured using hydration of ethene?

A

ethene mixed with steam

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18
Q

How can ethanol be manfucatured?

A

hydration of ethene
fermentation of glucose

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19
Q

What is the temperature for hydration of ethene?

A

300 degrees CelsiusW

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20
Q

What is the pressure for hydration of ethene?

A

65 atm pressure

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21
Q

What is the catalyst for hydration of ethene?

A

phosphoric acid

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22
Q

What provides the ethene in hydration of ethene?

A

crude oil provides ethene

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23
Q

What are the advantages of hydration of ethene?

A

pure ethanol
runs continuously

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydration of ethene?

A

lots of energy required
non renewable material used

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25
Q

How is ethanol manufactured using fermentation of glucose?

A

glucose fermented microbiologically

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26
Q

What conditions are needed for fermentation of glucose?

A

yeast
30 degrees Celsius
anaerobic

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27
Q

What conditions are needed for hydration of ethene?

A

300 degrees Celsius
65 atm pressure
phosphoric acid

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28
Q

What is used in fermentation of glucose?

A

yeast

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29
Q

What is the temperature for fermentation of glucose?

A

30 degrees Celsius - enzymes optimum temperature

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30
Q

What are the advantages of fermentation of glucose?

A

renewable raw material use
conditions not energy intensive

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31
Q

What are the disadvantages of fermentation of glucose?

A

impure ethanol
individual batches

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32
Q

How can ethanol be oxidised?

A

combustion
microbial oxidation
chemical oxidation

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33
Q

How does ethanol combust?

A

completely because of the oxygen in -OH group

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34
Q

What is the result of the oxidation of ethanol?

A

blue non luminous flame

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35
Q

What is microbial oxidation of ethanol?

A

micro-organisms use oxygen in air to oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid

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36
Q

What do micro-organisms use to oxidise ethanol?

A

oxygen in the air

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37
Q

When can micro-organisms oxidise ethanol?

A

aerobic conditions

38
Q

How do we represent a micro-organism in an equation?

39
Q

How can ethanol be oxidised in the lab?

A

chemical oxidation

40
Q

What is chemical oxidation of ethanol like?

A

heat ethanol
potassium dichromate
dilute sulfuric acid

41
Q

What substances are heated with ethanol in chemical oxidation?

A

potassium dichromate
dilute sulfuric acid

42
Q

What is the colour change for chemical oxidation of ethanol?

A

orange to green

43
Q

Which oxidation of ethanol has a colour change from orange to green?

A

chemical oxidation

44
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

organic molecules containing -COOH functional group

45
Q

How many carbons does methanoic acid have?

46
Q

How many carbons does ethanoic acid have?

47
Q

How many carbons does propanoic acid have?

48
Q

How many carbons does butanoic acid have?

49
Q

Which carboxylic acid has 1 carbon?

A

methanoic acid

50
Q

Which carboxylic acid has 2 carbons?

A

ethanoic acid

51
Q

Which carboxylic acid has 3 carbons?

A

propanoic acid

52
Q

Which carboxylic acid has 4 carbons?

A

butanoic acid

53
Q

What is the formula for methanoic acid?

54
Q

What is the formula for ethanoic acid?

55
Q

What is the formula for propanoic acid?

56
Q

What is the formula for butanoic acid?

57
Q

What is vinegar?

A

aqueous solution of ethanoic acid

58
Q

When does vinegar form?

A

ethanol undergoes microbial oxidation

59
Q

Why does vinegar have a sour, acrid taste?

A

acidity in ethanoic acid

60
Q

What is an acid?

61
Q

What can carboxylic acids do?

A

donate H + to form a salt

62
Q

What happens to carboxylic acids when they donate a H +?

A

becomes negatively charged

63
Q

What happens in a metal + acid reaction?

A

effervescence
solid disappears

64
Q

What happens in a metal carbonate + acid reaction?

A

effervescence
solid disappears

65
Q

Why does effervescence occur in metal + acid reaction?

A

hydrogen produced

66
Q

Why does effervescence occur in metal carbonate + acid reaction?

A

carbon dioxide produced

67
Q

What esters?

A

organic molecules with the functional group -COO-

68
Q

When do esters form?

A

carboxylic acid and alcohol join together by losing H2O

69
Q

What is the ester functional group?

70
Q

What is the name of the ester that forms when ethanoic acid and ethanol react?

A

ethyl ethanoate

71
Q

What is condensation?

A

when an ester forms because water is produced

72
Q

Why is creating an ester called condesation?

A

water is produced

73
Q

What can condensation also be called?

A

esterification

74
Q

How do we prepare an ester?

A
  1. mix carboxylic acid and alcohol together
  2. add sulfuric acid
  3. warm it
  4. add sodium carbonate
  5. wait until fizzing stops
75
Q

What is the first substance added when preparing an ester?

A

sulfuric acid

76
Q

Why is sulfuric acid used when preparing an ester?

77
Q

Name the catalyst for preparing an ester?

A

sulfuric acid

78
Q

What is the second substance added when preparing an ester?

A

sodium carbonate

79
Q

Why is sodium carbonate added when producing an ester?

A

neutralises sulfuric acid catalsyt

80
Q

What does sodium carbonate neutralise?

A

sulfuric acid catalyst

81
Q

What are esters like?

A

volatile compounds with distinctive smells

82
Q

Give 2 uses for esters

A

food flavourings
perfumes

83
Q

What is a polyester?

A

polymer of molecules joined in chain by ester groups

84
Q

What monomers are needed to make polyester?

A

dicarboxylic acid
diol

85
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid?

A

-COOH at both ends

86
Q

What is a diol?

A

-OH at both ends

87
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

H2O molecule lost every time monomer joins the chain

88
Q

Give an example of dicarboxylic acid

A

ethanedioic acid

89
Q

Give an example of a diol

A

ethanediol

90
Q

Which polyesters are biodigredable?

A

biopolyesters

91
Q

How can micro-organisms use biopolyesters?

A

enzymes break down polymers into monomers for energy supply

92
Q

What is the benefit of biopolyesters?

A

reduces reliance on landfill and incineration to dispose of polyesters

iGCSE Chemistry (17 decks)

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