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iGCSE Chemistry > 4.5 Organic 1 > Flashcards

4.5 Organic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil made of?

A

mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

compound made only of carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

Why does crude oil have a range of boiling points?

A

different hydrocarbons
lots of shapes + sizes

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4
Q

What is the boiling point of refinery gases?

A

low

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5
Q

What is the boiling point of bitumen?

A

high

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6
Q

What happens to the boiling point when going down the table of hydrocarbons?

A

increases - more energy needed to break larger bonds

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7
Q

What is the molecular mass of refinery gases?

A

low

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8
Q

What is the molecular mass of bitumen?

A

high

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9
Q

What happens to the molecular mass when going down the table of hydrocarbons?

A

increases

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10
Q

What is the colour of refinery gases?

A

light

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11
Q

What is the colour of bitumen?

A

dark

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12
Q

What happens to the colour when going down the table of hydrocarbons?

A

darkens

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13
Q

What is the viscosity of refinery gases?

A

low

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14
Q

What is the viscosity of bitumen?

A

high

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15
Q

What are refinery gases used for?

A

fuel for home cooking

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16
Q

What is gasoline used for?

A

fuel for cars

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17
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

fuel for aircraft

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18
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

fuel for trains

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19
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

fuel for ships

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20
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

making roads

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21
Q

How do you remember the hydrocarbons?

A

Rithika’s Got
Gum
K?
Dude!
Frick Off
Biatch

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22
Q

How do you remember the uses of hydrocarbons?

A

Harriet Critchley
Came
Again
+
Touched
Sophie’s
Rabbits

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23
Q

What are the hydrocarbons?

A

Refinery Gases
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Bitumen

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24
Q

What are the uses of the hydrocarbon?

A

Home Cooking
Cars
Aircraft
Trains
Ships
Roads

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25
Q

What processes separates the fractions of crude oil?

A

fractional distillation

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26
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

separating fractions of crude oil

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27
Q

Where is the fractional distillation column hottest?

A

at the bottom

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28
Q

Where is the fractional distillation column coldest?

A

at the top

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29
Q

How does the fractional distillation column work?

A
  1. crude oil vapours enter column
  2. rise until reaching BP where they condense
  3. different heights
  4. similar together
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30
Q

Where do the crude oil vapours condense after entering the column?

A

their boiling point

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31
Q

Why do crude oil vapours condense at different heights of the column?

A

different boiling points

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32
Q

What are fractions?

A

mixtures containing hydrocarbons that boil in a temperature range

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33
Q

What are alkanes?

A

hydrocarbons that fit general formula of CnH2n+2

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34
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

compound of only carbon and hydrogen

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35
Q

What are alkanes made of?

A

simple molecules

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36
Q

What holds the molecules in alkanes together?

A

covalent bonds

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37
Q

How many carbons does methane have?

A

1 carbon

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38
Q

Which alkane has 1 carbon?

A

methane

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39
Q

How many carbons does ethane have?

A

2 carbons

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40
Q

Which alkane has 2 carbons?

A

ethane

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41
Q

How many carbons does propane have?

A

3 carbons

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42
Q

Which alkane has 3 carbons?

A

propane

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43
Q

How many carbons does pentane have?

A

5 carbons

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44
Q

Which alkane has 5 carbons?

A

pentane

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45
Q

How many carbons does butane have?

46
Q

Which alkane has 4 carbons?

47
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

diagram showing positions of every atom and bond

48
Q

What is structural formula?

A

structure of molecule in one line

49
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

how many carbon and hydrogen there are

50
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

simplest whole number ratio

51
Q

What do homologous series share?

A
  • chemical reactions
  • physical properties
  • same general formula
52
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula

53
Q

How many bonds can carbon make?

54
Q

What are alkanes used for?

55
Q

Why are alkanes used for fuel?

A

release a lot of energy

56
Q

What does complete combustion produce?

A

carbon dioxide and water

57
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce?

A

carbon monoxide and carbon

58
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

not enough oxygen

59
Q

What affect does incomplete combustion have on the alkane?

A

less effective as fuel - releases less energy

60
Q

Which three significant pollutants does combustion of alkanes release to atmosphere?

A

carbon dioxide
nitrogen oxides
sulphur dioxide

61
Q

Why is carbon dioxide a pollutant?

A

greenhouse gas
traps heat
climate change

62
Q

Why is nitrogen oxide a pollutant?

A

dissolves rain water
acid rain
corrodes structures
harmful to plant and aquatic

63
Q

Why is sulphur dioxide a pollutant?

A

dissolves rain water
acid rain
corrodes structures
harmful to plant and aqautic

64
Q

When alkanes react with halogens what is the reaction called?

A

substitution

65
Q

What does alkane + halogen reaction require?

66
Q

Why is cracking useful?

A

short chains of alkanes more useful

67
Q

What temperature is required for cracking?

68
Q

What catalyst is used for cracking?

A

aluminium oxide

69
Q

What does cracking produce?

A

short alkane and alkene

70
Q

What are alkenes?

A

hydrocarbons that fit general formula of CnH2n

71
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

one carbon double bond

72
Q

How do alkenes differ to alkanes?

A

one carbon double bond
different formula

73
Q

Which alkene has 2 carbons?

74
Q

How many carbons does ethene have?

75
Q

Which alkene has 3 carbons?

76
Q

How many carbons does propene have?

77
Q

Which alkene has 4 carbons?

78
Q

How many carbons does butene have?

79
Q

Which alkene has 5 carbons?

80
Q

How many carbons does pentene have?

81
Q

What are alkenes?

A

homologous series

82
Q

How is isomerism different in alkenes?

A

can differ in more than one way

83
Q

What are the two types of isomers for alkenes?

A
  • branching of carbon chain
  • position of carbon chain
84
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

85
Q

Why are alkanes saturated?

A

don’t have CC double bond

86
Q

How do alkenes react with bromine?

A

carbon bond is broken and bromine atoms added in

87
Q

What is the reaction between alkenes and bromine called?

88
Q

Does alkene + bromine require UV light?

89
Q

What is the colour change for alkene + bromine ?

A

orange to colourless

90
Q

Why does alkene + bromine go from orange to colourless?

A

orange bromine is used up in the reaction

91
Q

When does an addition polymer form?

A

molecules of C=C double bond add into chains

92
Q

What are the small molecules that add together called?

93
Q

What is the long chain in addition polymers called?

94
Q

What is poly(ethene) used for?

A

drinks bottles
shopping bags

95
Q

What is poly(propene) used for?

A

storage boxes
climbing ropes

96
Q

What is poly(chloroethene) used for?

A

wire insulation
drainpipes

97
Q

What is poly(tetrafluoroethene) used for?

A

non stick coating

98
Q

What is a property of addition polymers?

99
Q

What is the reactivity of addition polymers?

A

very unreactive

100
Q

As addition polymers are inert and unreactive this means they…

A

…dont break down very easily

101
Q

What are the options for disposal of addition polymers?

A
  1. reuse
  2. recycle
  3. incinerate
  4. landfill
102
Q

Why do intermolecular forces break easily in small molecules?

A

weaker intermolecular forces

103
Q

Why are intermolecular forces harder to break in large molecules?

A

stronger intermolecular forces

104
Q

Why do large molecules have high boiling points?

A

strong intermolecular forces

105
Q

Why do small molecules have low boiling points?

A

weak intermolecular forces

106
Q

Why are shorter hydrocarbons easy to ignite?

A

lower boiling points, gas at room temp

107
Q

Why are longer hydrocarbons hard to ignite?

A

higher boiling points, liquid at room temp

108
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

how easily a substance flows

108
Q

Why do long hydrocarbons have a high viscosity?

A

stronger intermolecular forces

109
Q

Why do short hydrocarbons have low viscosity?

A

weaker intermolecular forces

iGCSE Chemistry (17 decks)

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