5.4

Question 1

what is morphology?

Answer 1

the shape of something (like the shape of a bird beak)

Question 2

what is anatomy?

Answer 2

the structures something has (like the number of petals on a flower)

Question 3

what is cytology?

Answer 3

the structure or function of cells

Question 4

what is phytochemistry?

Answer 4

analysis of special chemicals that plants make to defend themselves from insects

Question 5

what is the chromosome number?

Answer 5

species with similar chromosome number are more likely to be closely related

Question 6

what are molecular comparisons?

Answer 6

comparing proteins and DNA sequences between species

Question 7

what is cladistics?

Answer 7

a system of classification that groups organisms together according to the characteristics that have evolved most recently

Question 8

what does cladistics rely on?

Answer 8

knowing common ancestry.

Question 9

what are primitive traits?

Answer 9

characteristics that have the same structure and function and evolved early on in the history of the organisms

Question 10

what are derived traits?

Answer 10

characteristics that have the same structure and function but have evolved more recently

Question 11

what is a clade?

Answer 11

a monophyletic group meaning a group of the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants

Question 12

why are organisms placed in clades?

Answer 12

because they share characteristics developed from a common ancestor

Question 13

how i DNA evidence for clades?

Answer 13

because all living things have DNA with the same four bases that code for making proteins using the same 20 amino acids, the only way to explain this is through common ancestor

Question 14

what is phylogeny?

Answer 14

the study of the evolutionary past of a species

Question 15

what is hybridization?

Answer 15

a test to see how many base sequences are shared between different species

Question 16

what is the process of hybridization?

Answer 16

take one strand of DNA from species A
put it next to the complementary strand from species B
where the base pair connect there is a match
where they are repelled and do not connect there is a difference in the DNA sequence

Question 17

what do more differences in the DNA sequences of two species mean?

Answer 17

means the longer it has been since their common ancestor diverged into new species

Question 18

what does less differences in DNA sequencing mean?

Answer 18

the more recent their common ancestor

Question 19

what are homologous traits?

Answer 19

a trait/structure that is derived from the same part of the common ancestor

Question 20

what are analogus traits?

Answer 20

characteristics that may have the same function but they do not necessarily have the same structure and they are not derived from a common ancestor.

Question 21

what are cladograms?

Answer 21

diagrams that show how different clades evolved from common ancestors.

Question 22

what is circumscription?

Answer 22

whe branches of a clade need to be moved around to show a more consistent grouping with a common ancestor.

Question 22

what is different between traditional classification and cladistics?

Answer 22

cladistics involves putting organisms into groups based on ancestry and evolution of shared characteristics.