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Biology > 5.3 Classification of biodiversity > Flashcards

5.3 Classification of biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process of grouping living organisms that share similr features

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2
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A
  • Help identify species
  • Name new species
  • Understand evolutionary relationships
  • Convenience - makes the study of living organisms more manageable
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3
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic groups?

A

Dont Kill Pets Cos Otherwise Family Gets Sad
* Domain - Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryotae
* Kingdom - Plantae, animalia, fungi, protoctista, prokaryotae
* Phylum - All the groups of organisms that have the same body plan e.g. possession of a backbone
* Class - a group of organisms that all possess the same general traits e.g. the same number of legs
* Order - Subdivision of the class using additional information about the organisms
* Family - A group of closely related genera e.g. dog and cat families
* Genus (genera) - A group of closely related species
* Species - the basic unit of classification. All members of a species show some variation but are essentially the same

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4
Q

What system is used to agree and develop the names of species?

A

The binomial system
* Universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses
* Congresse atteneded by delegates from around the world are helf at regular intervals
* There are separate congresses for animals and for plants and fungi

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5
Q

What is the Binomail nomenclature?

A

A system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms
* a good example of cooperation and collaboratio between scientists

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6
Q

What is the Binomail nomenclature?

A

A system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms
* a good example of cooperation and collaboratio between scientists

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7
Q

What is a genus?

A

A group of species that share certain characteristics

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8
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

Why is a mule infertile?

A

A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse - they are infertile due to an uneven chromosome count

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10
Q

What does the word taxon (taxa) mean?

A

Taxon is greek and means a group of something
* Taxa is the plural

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11
Q

What is the trend going up the hierarchy of taxa?

A
  • the taxa include larger and larger numbers of species, which share fewer and fewer features
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12
Q

What are the 2 main categories of organisms from taditional classification?

A
  • Eukaryote and prokaryotes
  • This clasificatio nis now regarded as inappropritate because the prokaryotes have been found to be very diverse
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13
Q

What are the 3 major categories of organisms now? What are the 3 domains called?

A

Domains: Eubacteria, Archae and Eukaryota

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14
Q

What are the 3 major categories of organisms now? What are the 3 domains called?

A

Domains: Eubacteria, Archae and Eukaryota

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15
Q

What are members of the domains usually referred to as?

A

Bacteria, archaens and eukaryotes

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16
Q

What are members of the domains usually referred to as?

A

Bacteria, archaens and eukaryotes

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17
Q

What are some features of the 3 main domains?

A
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18
Q

Where can archaens found?

A

In a broad range of habitats including:
* Ocean surface
* Deep ocean sediments
* Oil deposits far below the surface of the Earth
* Water with very high salt concentration
* Temperatures close to boiling

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19
Q

Why were fungi difficult to classify into plants or animals?

A
  • they were originally classified as plants
  • they have a similar root system (hyphae) and cell walls (chitin) instead of cellulose
  • but they rely on other living organisms to feed because they lack chloroplasts
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20
Q

What is not classified in any of the 3 domains?

A

Viruses because they have too few of the characteristics of life to be regarded as living organisms

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21
Q

What are eukaryotes classified into?

A

Kingdoms

22
Q

What does each kingdom divide into?

A

Phyla, which are divided into classes, then orders, families and genera

The hierarchy of taxa for clasifying eukaryotes is thus kingdom, phylum,

23
Q

What does each kingdom divide into?

A

Phyla, which are divided into classes, then orders, families and genera

The hierarchy of taxa for clasifying eukaryotes is thus kingdom, phylum,

24
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryote?

A

Plants, animals, fungi and protoctista

25
Q

Which one of the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes is the most controversial?

A

Protoctists because they are very diverse and should be divided up int into more kingdoms

26
Q

What can classification be? (2)

A

Natural or artificial

27
Q

What is the classification of a grey wolf?

A
28
Q

What is the classification of a date palm?

A
29
Q

What is artificial classification?

A
  • is based on only a few characteristics
  • Does not reflect any evolutionary relationships
  • Provides limited information
  • is stable
30
Q

What is natural classification?

A
  • Uses many characteristics
  • Reflects evolutionary relationships (all members of a taxon have a common ancestor)
  • Provides a lot of useful information
  • May change with advancing knowledge
  • Identification is easier
  • prediction of the characteristics of species within a group (because all of the members of a group in a natural classification have evolved from a common ancestral species)
31
Q

In natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of?

A

consists of al lthe spceis that have evolved from one common ancestral species
* All members of a genus or higher taxon should have a common ancestor

32
Q

What can we expect from the members of a natural group to have because of common ancestry?

A

We can expect the members of a natural group to share many characteristics

33
Q

Why can natural classification be problematic?

A

It is not always clear which groups of species do share a common ancestor

34
Q

How can convergent evolution and adaptive radiation make natural classification problematic?

A

Convergetn evolution can make distantly related organisms appear superficially similar and adaptive radiation can make closely related organisms appear different
* thus making identifying common ancestors for natural classification more difficult

35
Q

What can happen withen new evidence shows that members of a group do not share a common ancester?

A

The group should be split up into two or more taxa

36
Q

What can happen withen new evidence shows that species classified in different taca are found to be closely related?

A

Two or more taxa are united, or species are moved from one genus to another or between higher taxa

37
Q

How has the classification of humans caused more controversy than any other species?

A
  • Using standard taxonomic procedures, humans are assigned to the order Primates and the family Hominidae
  • There has been much debate about which, if any, of the great apes to include in this family
  • Originally all the great apes were paced in another family, the Pongidae, but research shows chimpanzees and gorillas as closer to humans than orang-utans in the Pongidae
38
Q

What are the advantages of natural classification?

A
  • Identification of species
  • Prediction of characteristics of species within a group
  • Studying closely related species (especially for endangered.extinct species)
  • Tracing evolutionary relationships
  • Help conservation of species

Prediction of characteristics because all of the members of a gropup in a natural classification have evolved from a common ancestral spcies, they inherit similar characteristics

39
Q

What are the advantages of natural classification?

A
  • Identification of species
  • Prediction of characteristics of species within a group
  • Studying closely related species (especially for endangered.extinct species)
  • Tracing evolutionary relationships
  • Help conservation of species

Prediction of characteristics because all of the members of a gropup in a natural classification have evolved from a common ancestral spcies, they inherit similar characteristics

40
Q

What is the five-kingdom classification system?

A

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

41
Q

What are the 4 main phyla in plantae?

A
  • Bryophyta - mosses, liverworts and hornworts
  • Filicinophyta - ferns
  • Coniferophyta - conifers
  • Angiospermophyta - flowering plants
42
Q

What are the external recognition features of the phyla in plantae kingdom?

A
43
Q

What are the external recognition features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and aniospermophytes.
(Structure, vascularisation, reproduction, other features, examples)

A
44
Q

How can be animalia phyla be differentiated?

A
  1. Body symmetry
  2. Nymber of body openings
    -> None (pores)
    -> one
    -> two or more
  3. Body segmentation
  4. Chordata
    -> Whether it had a central bundle of nerves running along the center of the body
45
Q

What are the external recognition features of the phyla in animalia kingdom?

A
46
Q

What are the recognition features of Porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda?
(Symmetry, body cavity, segmentation, other features, examples)

A
47
Q

What are the external recognition features of the phyla in animalia kingdom?

A
48
Q

What are the 5 largest classes of chordate?

A
  • Bony ray-finned fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
49
Q

What are the recognition features of fish, amphibians, reptile, bird, and mammal?
(Body covering, reproduction, breathing, temperature, other features)

A
50
Q

What are the differences between archaea and bacteria?

A

Archaea “ancient bacteria”
* Found in extreme environments (e.g. thermal vents, anaerobic conditions, highly acidic conditions)
* e.g. methanogens in intestine of cattle -release CH4

Bacteria “true bacteria”
* Most bacteria
* e.g. cyanobacteria

50
Q

What are the differences between archaea and bacteria?

A

Archaea “ancient bacteria”
* Found in extreme environments (e.g. thermal vents, anaerobic conditions, highly acidic conditions)
* e.g. methanogens in intestine of cattle -release CH4

Bacteria “true bacteria”
* Most bacteria
* e.g. cyanobacteria

51
Q

The relationship between the 4 types of systems (3-domain, 6-kingdom, traditional 5-kingdom systems)

A

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