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module 5 > 5.2.2 - respiration > Flashcards

5.2.2 - respiration Flashcards

aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, respiratory substrates and RQs

1
Q

first stage of respiration

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic - does not require oxygen

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3
Q

first step of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation - uses 2 molecules of ATP and forms hexose bisphosphate

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4
Q

what happens to hexose bisphosphate in glycolysis

A

splits into two TP molecules

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5
Q

products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate molecules
2 NAD molecules
4 ATP (only a net gain of 2, as 2 are used in phosphorylation)

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6
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

formation of ATP without the involvement of an electron transport chain.

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7
Q

why is the link reaction called the link reaction?

A

it is the step that links anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm to the aerobic steps of respiration

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8
Q

how does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix

A

active transport via specific carrier proteins

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9
Q

decarboxylation

A

carbon dioxide being removed

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10
Q

products of the link reaction

A

acetyl coA
reduced NAD
Co2

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11
Q

what is the waste product of the link reaction

A

co2

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12
Q

role of acetyl coA

A

delivers the acetyl group to the next stage of aerobic respiration (Krebs)

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13
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

matrix

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14
Q

products of the krebs cycle

A

FAD, NAD, small amounts of ATP, Co2

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15
Q

first step of the krebs cycle

A

acetyl coA delivers an acetyl group to the Krebs cycle - combines with 4C oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate

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16
Q

role of coenzymes

A

required to transfer protons, electrons and functional groups

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17
Q

differences between NAD and FAD

A
  • NAD takes part in all stages of cellular respiration, FAD only in krebs
  • NAD accepts 1 hydrogen and FAD accepts 2
  • NADH is oxidised at the start of the ETC, FAD is oxidised further along
  • reduced NAD results in the synthesis of 3 ATP molecules, whilst FAD results in 2.
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18
Q

what are coenzymes usually derived from?

A

vitamins

19
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

cristae

20
Q

what are the products of the last stage of respiration

A

lots of ATP
h2o

21
Q

what is the role of oxygen in OP?

A

final electron aceptor

22
Q

what is the phosphorylation of ADP dependent on?

A

electrons moving along the electron transport chain

23
Q

how is water formed in OP?

A

hydrogens released from NAD and FAD combine directly with oxygen

24
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

resulting in the synthesis of smaller quantities of ATP, occurs in the absence of oxygen

25
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen - mainly prokaryotes

26
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

synthesise ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but can switch to anaerobic - e.g yeast

27
Q

obligate aerobes

A

can only synthesise ATP in the presence of oxygen - e.g mammals (individual cels maybe not, but overall obligate aerobes)

28
Q

fermentation

A

process by which complec organic compounds are broken down into simpler inorganic compounds withouy the use of oxygen or involvement of an ETC.

29
Q

alcoholic fermentation - where?

A

occurs in yeast and some plant cells

30
Q

products of alcohol fermentation

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

31
Q

why does the flow of electrons stop with no oxygen?

A

as it is the final electron acceptor

32
Q

what happens to the coenzymes when there is no oxygen

A

no flow of electrons so reduced NAD and FAD can not be oxidised as there is no where for the electrons to go

33
Q

what happens to the krebs and link reaction when no oxygen

A

comes to a stop as coenzymes cannot be regenerated

34
Q

lactate fermentation - where?

A

mammals

35
Q

lactate fermentation - what is the hydrogen acceptor?

what enzyme catalyses this?

A
  • pryruvate
  • lactate dehygrogenase
36
Q

what is pyruvate converted to in lactate fermentation ?

A

lactic acid

37
Q

what happens to lactcic acid ?

A

converted back to glucose in the liver in liver (but oxygen is needed)

38
Q

why is lactate fermentation not sustainable?

A
  • reduced quantity of ATP produced would not be enough tio maintain vital processes
  • accumulation of lactic acid causes a fall in pH causing enzymes to be denatured
39
Q

differences between alcohol and lactate fermentation

A
  • alochol fermentation is not a reversible process
  • ethanol produced instead of lactic acid
  • not a short term process
40
Q

respiratory substrates

A

organic molecule that is broken down to release energy for the synthesis of of ATP

41
Q

lipids and release of energy

A

release about twice as much energy as carbohydrates due to carbon hydrogen bonds

42
Q

lipids and co2 release

A

relatively less produced, as more o2 is needed

43
Q

respiratory quotient

A

RQ = co2 produced / o2 consumed

44
Q

RQ for carbs, protein and lipids

A
  • carbohydrates = 1.0
  • proteins = 0.9
  • lipids = 0.7

module 5 (9 decks)

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