5.1.4 - hormonal communication Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands

A

group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces growth hormone, ADH, and gonadrotrophins

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3
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine, controlling the rate of metabolism

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4
Q

adrenal gland

A

produces adrenaline

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5
Q

testis

A

produces testosterone

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6
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

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7
Q

thymus

A

produces thymosin

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8
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin

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9
Q

ovary

A

produces oestrogen

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10
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood when a gland is stimulated. they will then bind to specific target cells

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11
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid soluble and can pass through the phospholipid bilayer, and bind to specific receptors to form a hormone receptor complex
e.g. oestrogen

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12
Q

how can a steroid hormone act as a transcription factor?

A

it in turn facilitates or inhibits the transcription of a specific gene

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13
Q

non steroid hormones

A

hydrophillic - cannot pass directly through the cell membrane - and instead bind to receptors on the cell membrane of the target cell, triggering a cascade reaction

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14
Q

two parts of the adrenal gland

A

the adrenal cortex (outer region)
the adrenal medulla (inner region of the gland)

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15
Q

main types of hormones produced in the adrenal cortex

A
  • glucocorticoids including cortisol - regulating metabolism, and blood pressure
  • mineralocorticoids including aldosterone - helps control blood pressure
  • androgens - small amount of male and female sex hormones
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16
Q

exocrine gland in the pancreas function

A
  • to produce enzymes and release them via a duct in the duodenum
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17
Q

endocrine gland in the pancreas function

A

to produce hormones and release them into the blood

18
Q

digestive enzymes that the pancreas produces (exocrine)

A

amylases - break down starch into simple sugars

proteases - break down proteins into amino acids

lipases - break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

19
Q

what are islets of Langerhans?

A

within the exocrine tissue tehre are small regions of endocrine tissue - responsible for producing insulin and glucagon and secreting these hormones directly into the bloodstream

20
Q

how do the islets of Langerhans appear under a microscope

A

lightly stained, large spherical clusters

21
Q

what cells are in the islets of Langerhans

A
  • a alpha cells (produce and secrete glucagon)
  • b beta cells (produce and secrete insulin)
22
Q

why does blood glucose concentration increase?

A
  • diet (carb rich foods, and sweeter foods - the carbs break down and release glucose into blood)
  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
23
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen stored in the liver and muscle cells is broken down into glucose and released intobloodstream, increasing blood glucose concentration

24
Q

gluconeogenesis?

A

production of glucose from non carb sources, e.g. liver making glucosw from glycerol and amino acids

25
Q

how can blood glucose concentration be decreased?

A

respiration - glucose is usded by cells to release energy
glycogenesis - production of glycogen

26
Q

how does insulin lower the blood glucose concentration?

A
  • increase rate of absorption of glucose by cells
  • increasinng respiratory rate of cells
  • increase glycogenesis
    -increasing rate of glucose to fat conversion
  • inhibiting release of glucagon
27
Q

how is insulin broken down

A

by ezymes in the cells of the liver

28
Q

what detects that the blood glucose concentration has gone back to normal?

A

the b cells reducing the secretion of insulin

29
Q

how does glucagon raise blood glucose concentration?

A
  • glycogenolysis
  • reducing amount of glucose absorbed by the liver cells
  • increasing gluconeogenesis
30
Q

mechanism of insulin secretion steps

A
  1. glucose enters the cell
  2. respiration
  3. production of ATP
  4. ATP binds to potassium channels, causing them to close
  5. this abundance of K+ ions in the cell, causes membrane depolarisation
  6. this depolarisation causes the voltage dated calcium channels to open
  7. calcium ions enter the cell (Ca2+ influx)
  8. this them causes the vesicles containing insulin to move, and release by exocytosis
31
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A
  • high blood glucose conc
  • glucose present in urine
  • excessive need to urinate
  • execessive thirst
  • constant hunger
  • weight loss
  • blurred vision
  • tiredness
32
Q

type one diabetes

A

unable to produce insulin as the b cells in the islets do not produce them

33
Q

cause of type one diabetes

A

unknown but in many causes it may be due to an autoimmune response where the bodys own immune system attacks the b cells

34
Q

treatment of type one diabetes

A

regular injections of insulin which requires careful monitoring of doses

35
Q

hypoglycaemia

A

very low blood glucose

36
Q

hyperglycaemia

A

too high an insulin dose

37
Q

type two diabetes

A

cannot effectively use insulin and control blood sugar levels, as the glycoprotein insulin receptor on the cell membrane does not work properly meaning the cells lose the responsiveness to insulin.

38
Q

cause of type two diabetes

A

excess body weight, physical inactivity, and overeating of carbs

39
Q

treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

regulate a persons diet, and increasing exercise levels
drugs

40
Q
A