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module 5 > 5.1.5 - animal responses > Flashcards

5.1.5 - animal responses Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

this consists of the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

this consists of all the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body - sensory neurones and the motor neurones

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3
Q

somatic nervous system

A

this system is under conscious control - when you voluntary decide to do something

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4
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

works constantly; under subconscious control and is used when the body does something automatically without you deciding to do it - it is involuntary

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5
Q

how is the autonomic nervous system split?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increasing activity

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7
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

decreasing activity

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8
Q

role of the brain

A

processing all the information collected by receptor cells about changes in the internal and external environment

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9
Q

role of the cerebrum

A

receives sensory information, interprets it and sends impulses along motor neurones to effectors to produce a response

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10
Q

structure of the cerebrum

A

highly convoluted, increasing its surface area and its capacity for complex activity
split into two hemispheres

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11
Q

role of cerebellum

A

concerned with the control of muscular movement, body posture and balance - does not initiate it, but coordinates.

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12
Q

role of the medulla oblongata

A

contains regulatory centres of the autonomic nervous system, controlling reflex activities

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13
Q

role of the hypothalamus

A

main controlling region for the autonomous nervous system:
- controlling complex patterns of behaviour
- monitoring the composition of blood plasma
- producing hormones

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14
Q

where is the pituitary gland found

A

base of the hypothalamus

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15
Q

anterior pituitary

A

produces 6 hormones including FSH

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16
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, such as ADH

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17
Q

reflex action

A

the body responding to situations without concsious thought, causing a faster response, preventing or minimising damage to the body

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18
Q

steps of the reflex arc

A
  • receptor - detects and creates an action potential in sensory neurone
  • sensory neurone - carries impulse to spinal cord
  • relay neurone - connects the sensory neurone to motor within spinal cord
  • motor neurone - carries impulse to effector
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19
Q

the spinal cord

A

column of nervous tissue running up the back. it is surrounded by the spine for protection

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20
Q

knee jerk reflex

A

leg is tapped just below the kneecap and stretches the tendon acting as a stimulus
this causes a reflex arc that causes the thigh to contract at the same time as the leg kicking

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21
Q

absence of knee jerk reflex

A

nervous problems

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22
Q

blinking reflex - corneal

A

if the cornea is stimulated it will blink to keep it safe from damage

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23
Q

optical reflex

A

blinking as a reflex to over bright light.

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24
Q

cranial reflex

A

occurs in the brain

25
Q

how to reflexes increase the chance of survival

A
  • being involuntary - prevents brain from being overloaded
  • not having to be learnt - present at birth
  • extremely fast - normally involves only one or two synapses
26
Q

skeletal muscle

A

make up the bulk of body muscle tissue. the cells repsonsible for muscle

27
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart, and are myogenic meaning they contract without the need for a nervous stimuli

28
Q

involuntary muscle (smooth muscle)

A

many parts of the body

29
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane in the muscle fibres

30
Q

structure of muscle fibres

A

contain a number of nuclei and are much longer than normal cells making the muscle stronger
lots of mitochondria to provide the ATP that is needed for muscle contraction

31
Q

myofibrils

A

long cylindrical organelles made of protein and specialised for contraction, lined up to provide maximum force when contracting

32
Q

actin

A

thinner filament - consists of two strands twisted around each other

33
Q

myosin

A

the thicker filament - consists of long rod shaped fibres with blubous heads that project to one side

34
Q

I bands

A

region where there is only actin - light bands

35
Q

A bands

A

the length of the myosin bands - dark

36
Q

z line

A

line found at the centre of each i band

37
Q

sarcomere

A

distance between adjacent Z lines

38
Q

H zone

A

only myosin filaments

39
Q

what happens to the actin and myosin during contraction?

A
  • light band becomes narrower
  • Z lines move closer together, shortening the sarcomere
  • H zone become narrower
40
Q

motor unit

A

all the muscle fibres supplied by a single motor neurone

41
Q

what happens when an action potential reaches a neuromuscular junction?

A

stimulates calcium ion channels to open

42
Q

what happens when the sarcolemma is depolarised?

A

travels deep into the muscle fibres by spreading through the T tubles - causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium, causing sarcoplasm to be flooded with calcium ions

43
Q

role of troponin

A

calcium ions bind to it, causing a change of shape, pulling on the tropomyosin moving it away from the actin-myosin bindinhg sites on actin filament.

44
Q

describe the sliding filament theory

A
  • myosin and actin filaments slide over eachother to make the saromeres contract
  • simultaneous contraction means myofibrils and muscle fibres contract
  • sarcomeres return to original length
45
Q

what happens when the muscle stops being stimulated?

A
  • calcium ions leave binding sites and are moved back into SR by AT
  • troponin molecules return to original shape
  • tropomyosin molecules block actin myosin bidning sites again
  • actin filaments slide back to relaxed position
46
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor neurone and a muscle cell

47
Q

how do you monitor muscle fatigue

A

monitor electrical signals
muscles contract in response to electrical signals which can be detected by electrons onnected to a computer

this is called electromyography

48
Q

how is energy supplied for muscle contraction

A
  • aerobic respiration
  • anaerobic (very little)
  • creatine phosphate
49
Q

fight or flight response

A

instinct that all mammals possess - when a potentially dangerous situation is detected, the body automatically triggers a series of physical responses; help mammals survive

50
Q

what is the cause of the flight or flight response

A

shift in the balance of stimulation to increase activity of the sympathetic nervous system and decrease in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

51
Q

how is the fight or flight response coordinated

A

hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system and adrenal system by releasing CRF
sympathetic nerbous system activates adrenal medulla releasing adrenaline and noredrenaline.
pituitary gland releases ACTH leading to adrenal cortex releasing hormones

52
Q

hormones released by adrenal cortex in fight or flight response and roles

A

cortisol - regulate BP and metabolism
corticosterone - regulates immune response

53
Q

chain reaction triggered by adrenaline

A
  • adrenaline binds to its receptor, activating adenylyl cyclase
  • adenylyl cylase triggers conversion of ATP to cAMP
  • increase in cAMP levels activate protein kinases, triggering conversion of gylcogen into glucose
54
Q

how is the nervous system involved in increasing heart rate?

A

centre in medulla oblongata which increases heart rate sends impulses through sympathetic nervous system in accelerator nerve to SAN

55
Q

how is the nervous system involved in decreasing heart rate?

A

centre in the medulla iblongata which decreases HR sends impulses along the parasympathetic nervous system in the vagus nerve to the SAN

56
Q

baroreceptors

A

pressure receptors - detect changes in blood pressure (if blood pressure is too low, it will have to increase the HR)

57
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical receptors - detect changes in levels of C02 e.g.

58
Q

if chemoreceptors detect high co2 what happens?

A

decreases the pH which is detected and a response is triggered to increase heart rate.

59
Q

effects of hormones on heart rate

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline increase heart rate, imcrease the frequency of impulses produced by the SAN

module 5 (9 decks)

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