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A2 Biology > 5.2.1 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

5.2.1 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of energy is light energy transformed into

A

chemical energy

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2
Q

what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H20 = C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

define autotroph

A

organisms that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules

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4
Q

define heterotroph

A

an organism that have to obtain molecules that have been made by another organism

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5
Q

where does most photosynthesis take place in plants

A

in the palisade mesophyll cells

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6
Q

describe the structure of a chloroplast

A
  • it has a double membrane
  • fluid filled stroma which contains enzymes (L.ID.R)
  • thylakoids contain photosynthetic pigment(LDR) are stacked into grana
  • oil droplets which contain lipids for fixing membranes
  • intergranal lammella which link grana
  • enzymes like ATPsynthase and rubisco
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7
Q

what three things do thylakoids contain

A

1) enzymes- atpsynthase and rubisco
2) phtosynthetic pigment- eg chlorophyll
3) electron carriers for electron transport

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8
Q

what are photosynthetic pigments arranged into

A

funnel shaped structures called photosystems and are held in place by proteins

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9
Q

what is a photosynthetic pigment

give an example

A

a substance that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects others
eg chlorophyll A/B, Carotenoids…

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10
Q

describe accessory pigments

A

surround the reaction centre
include chlorophyll B and carotenoids
these transfer light to the primary pigment reaction centre

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11
Q

describe the pigment in the primary pigment reaction centre

A

chlorophyll A absorbs the light of wavelength 680-700nm and 450-480nm (blue light)
has magnesium group

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12
Q

what are the two types of chlorophyll and where are they found

A

P700- found in photosystem I, found mainly on intergranal lammella
P680- found in photosystem II, occurs in the grana

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13
Q

how do primary and accessory pigments work together in photosystems

A

1) light energy is absorbed by accessory pigment, causes electrons in pigment to be raised to a higher energy level and return to the pigment
2) energy is passed to another pigment and then to another
3) energy is passed to the primary pigment reaction centre
4) electrons are lost from primary pigment and given to electron transport chain for LDR

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14
Q

how is seaweed specialised

A

lower light intensity in sea, so only certain shorter wavelengths pass through
has special pigment to absorb these specific wavelengths

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15
Q

explain oxidation and reduction in terms of
oxygen
hydrogen
electrons

A

oxygen- OIG RIL

hydrogen- OIL RIG

electrons- OIL RIG

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16
Q

what is the hydrogen acceptor coenzyme used in respiration

A

NADP

17
Q

what is the role of NADP

A

to carry hydrogen to the calvin cycle

18
Q

define photophosphorylation

A

the making of ATP in the presence of light

19
Q

where does the L.D.R take place

A

thylakoid

20
Q

describe the process of non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

1) light strikes PSII which excites 2 electrons, these pass down electron carriers
2) the electrons release energy that pumps H+ into the thylakoid space
3) PSII has an enzyme that in light performs photlysis of H20= 2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2
4) light strikes PSI and excites 2 electrons, these leave chlorophyll and pass down electron carriers, they are accepted by NADP
5) H+ flows down proton gradient by chemiosmosis through ATPsynthase enzyme, this potential energy creates ATP
6) the H+ along with 2e- join with NADP to form NADPH

21
Q

where does the cyclic photophosphorlyation take place

A

in the thylakoid membrane

22
Q

what do weedkillers do

A

binds to electrons in PSI
stopping photophosphorylation from taking place
so NADPH does not form
and ATP does not form

23
Q

describe the process of cyclic photophosphorylation

A

1) light hits PSI and excites 2 electrons which leave the chlorophyll and pass down electron carriers
2) they then move back through the carriers and create ATP by action of H+ moving through ATPsynthase
.: this is cyclic photop… because the electrons are in a cycle

24
Q

describe the process of the calvin cycle

A

1) enzyme rubisco fixes CO2 to RUBP to make a 6c molecule GP, this is unstable and breaks into TP
2) each GP has 3 carbons and this can be used for amino acids or it can be converted to TP
3) to convert GP into TP- ATP and NADPH from LDR is needed to provide the H to make TP
4) 5/6 of every molecule of TP made is converted back into RUBP which is given a phosphate from ATP ( which makes ADP) and the cycle continues

25
Q

one out of every 6 molecules of TP is used to make what

A

glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, amino acids

dont need to remember all of them i reckon, maybe 3

26
Q

what do these mean
RUBP
TP
GP

A

RUBP= ribulose bisphosphate
TP- triose phosphate
GP- glycerate 3-phosphate

27
Q

name 3 limiting factors for photosynthesis

A

temperature
carbon dioxide conc
light intensity

28
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

increases the activity of enzymes- molecules have more kinetic energy

  • light independent reaction in particular
  • activity of rubisco
29
Q

what do plants do when they undergo water stress

A

they close their stomata

this reduces the loss of water vapour by transpiration

30
Q

what is the compensation rate

A

when the respiration rate equals the photosynthesis rate

the carbon dioxide produced in respiration equals carbon dioxide absorption in photosynthesis

31
Q

how could u measure the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • measure increase in oxygen concentration

- measure the volume of co2 used in a given time

32
Q

what device can u use to measure the volume of oxygen produced
what do we need to know to use this
what is an issue with this

A

a photosynthometer
the diameter of the capillary tube
- not all 02 is collected some is used in respiration

33
Q

what is a hydrogencarbonate indicator used for, what does this show

A

used to measure the co2 levels in aquatic systems, becomes orange/ yellow in increased co2 levels
-changes from red to purple in low co2 levels

34
Q

why do levels of RUBP go up when co2 conc decreases

A
  • less GP is produced as less CO2 for rubisco to fix

- ATP from L.D.R converts TP into RUBP regardless

35
Q

how can we control photosynthesis

A

-temp controlled by heaters and a thermostat
-light wave length controlled if dark
-co2 controlled by burning fuel
water supply controlled
use of fertilisers and pesticides

A2 Biology (8 decks)

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