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A2 Biology > 5.1.2 The Kidney > Flashcards

5.1.2 The Kidney Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the kidney found

What is jt surrounded by

A

Attached to the back of the abdominal cavity

A layer of fat and fibrous connective tissue

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2
Q

What two processes is the kidney involved in

A

Excretion and osmoregulation

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3
Q

Explain the difference between the cortex and the medulla

A

Cortex= dark outer layer, dense capillary network and blood filtering takes place here

Medulla= lighter in colour contains the nephrons and collecting ducts

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4
Q

How many nephrons in each kidney

A

1 million

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5
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

A fine network of capillaries which increases blood pressure to push fluid out

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6
Q

What is selective reabsorption

A

When useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood and excretory products remain in nephron

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7
Q

Where does ultrafiltration take place

A

In the bowmans capsule

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8
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A

High hyrdrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary into the tissue

Moves back into the blood when low hydrostatic pressure is formed at the venous end of the capillary

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9
Q

Describe the process of ultrafiltration at the glomerulus

A

Blood enters afferent arteriole (large diameter) under high pressure

The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter, this increases bloods hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

Hydrostatic pressure In glomerulus bigger than bowmans capsule, Fluid is forced out into bowmans capsule

Basement membrane: stops erythrocytes and large molecules from passing through
Fenestrations: in squamous endothelial cells of capillary allow small substances through (not RBC)
Podocyte cells: extensions called pedicels prevent large plasma proteins and platelets from passing through

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10
Q

How are podocytes adapted

A

Have extensions called pedicels (aka major processes) have gaps to allow specific molecules through

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11
Q

How does high blood pressure damage capillaries

A

Allows proteins and sometimes RBC to enter the filtrate

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12
Q

how is ultrafiltration similar and different to tissue fluid formation

A

similarities- both occur in the capillary, large molecules remain in the capillary, molecules are reabsorbed

differences- filtrate enters PCT, filtrate bathes tissues and cells
molecules that are not reabsorbed form urine, molecules that are not reabsorbed form lymph

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13
Q

why must glucose be reabsorbed back into the blood

A

to be used in aerobic respiration

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14
Q

where and what is reabsorbed

A

in the PCT

glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones

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15
Q

what percentage of fluid is reabsorbed

A

85%

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16
Q

what type of cells make the PCT

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

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17
Q

what in the PCT increases SA

A

microvilli

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18
Q

describe the process of selective reabsorption

A

1) na+ and glucose enter the PCT through co-transport proteins
2) water potential of cell lowered so water enters cell by osmosis
3) 3 Na+ out and 2k+ in, glucose is facilitated diffusion into the blood
4) wp of blood lowered, water moves into blood
5) large molecules are removed by endocytosis

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19
Q

the deeper into the medulla you go….

A

the lower the WP

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20
Q

describe the UPPER part of the descending limb

A

it is impermeable to water but the lower part is permeable to water but impermeable to salts

21
Q

describe the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

permeable to salts but impermeable to water

22
Q

describe the collecting duct

A

impermeable to salts but permeable to water

23
Q

describe what processes occur in the descending limb

A

water is lost from fltrate by osmosis, goes into the blood

24
Q

describe the processes in the ascending limb

A

bottom- salts diffuse out
upper- ions are actively transported out into the medulla
this gives a higher water potential to filtrate= more dilute

25
Q

what processes happen in the DCT

A

sodium ions are reabsorbed and K+ and H+ ions are added into dct

26
Q

what happens in the collecting duct

A

water is lost from filtrate by osmosis from collecting duct, as deeper into medulla= lower WP, some urea moves out as well.

27
Q

what is the name for the term given when two limbs run close to each other in opposite direction

A

hair pin counter current multiplier

28
Q

describe the loop of henle in desert animals

A

longer loop of henle
lowering medulla water potential
urine has a lower water potential and is more concentrated

29
Q

what happens if the body lacks salt

A

sodium ions are actively transported out of the DCT with chloride ions

30
Q

what happens in the DCT if ADH has been released

A

the walls of the dct also become more permeable to water and water leaves

31
Q

what hormone regulates osmoregulation

where is it released from and where does it target

A

antidiuretic hormone
released from pituitary gland
targets collecting ducts

32
Q

how does hypothalamus monitor water potential

A

osmoreceptors

33
Q

what would happen if water potential was too low

A

water potential drops too low:

1) ADH is released from the posterioir pituitary cells when it is stimulated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
2) ADH secreted into blood
3) binds to complimentary receptors on collecting duct
4) increases the number of aquaporins ( protein channels) in membrane. activates a series of reactions (via cAMP)= formation of vesicles with aquaporins to fuse with membrane
5) more aquaporins so more water moves by osmosis into the tissue fluid

34
Q

what would happen when baroreceptors detect a rise in blood pressure, in terms of adh production

A

decreases, more water in blood would increase pressure further

35
Q

why does kidney failure occur

A

glomeruli become inflamed and swollen due to:

  • diabetes mellitus
  • hypertension- damages structure of basement membrane
  • infection- podocytes and tubules become damaged
  • genetic conditions- kidney tissue has fluid filled cysts
36
Q

what is found in the urine if the kidneys are infected

A

proteins and blood cells

37
Q

what happens when kidneys fail

A

unable to remove excess ions, urea and water

38
Q

what is used to measure kidney function, how do they do this

A

glomerular filtrate rate

a blood test measures levels of creatinine in the blood, if this increases it is a sign that kidneys are not functioning properly

39
Q

evaluate using this blood test to measure glomerular filtrate rate

A

advantages:
produced at a constant rate per day
freely filtered at the glomerulus

disadvantages:
estimate
10% secreted by tubules

40
Q

describe the process of renal dialysis

A

1) blood leaves the artery, a anticoagulant drug is given to prevent clots in the machine
2) blood passes in the oposite direction to maintain a conc gradient for diffusion, waste molecules diffuse across membrane, water by osmosis
3) air detector stops any air bubbles entering the persons blood ( could be fatal) , clean blood enters the vein
4) excess urea and mineral ions must leave the blood
5) anti coagulant drug stops to allow blood to clot normally

41
Q

describe the process of peritoneal dialysis

A

where fluid of correct concentrations is pumped into abdomen wall, between the wall and peritoneum membrane (acts as a partially permeable membrane) waste materials move into dialysate
pro: can be done at home

42
Q

evaluate kidney transplants

A

advantages:
no time consuming dialysis
no longer chronically ill
can travel

cons:
immunosuppressant drugs for life
major surgery
risk of infection

43
Q

name the genetic marker on human tissue

what does this mean for transplants

A

human leukocyte antigen

should recieve a transplant from someone with an identical or similar HLA

44
Q 
what if present in urine is a symptom for:
diabetes mellitus
muscle damage 
pregnancy 
ovulation
A

glucose
creatine
human chorionic gonadotropin
luteinising hormone

45
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies that are from a single clone of cells that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals in the body

46
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies for hcg produced

A

1) a mouse is injected with HCG to make the required antibody
2) B cells that make the required antibody are removed from mouse spleen
3) b cells are fused with myeloma cells which do not divide very rapidly
4) a hybridoma is formed, reproduces rapidly
5) each hybridoma produces the desired antibody, collected and purified for use

47
Q

explain how a pregnancy testing kit detects the pregnancy hormone

A

1- testing for hcg
2- hormone is so small it passes from blood into filtrate
3) free monoclonal antibodies complimentary to hcg bind
4) other immobilised monoclonal antibodies in the test window bind to hcg stopping hcg and antibody with dye
5) more immobilised antibodies in the control window bind only to the antibody with the dye to show that the test is working

48
Q

describe the process of random sampling to athletes for drugs

A

urine sample taken, vapourised with a gas solvent, passed into a gas chromatography machine, gas solvent dissolves the substance allowing a chromatogram to form

49
Q

pros and cons of steroids

A

pros, can train for longer, respire for longer, build muscle quicker

cons, depression, anger, liver damage, heart attacks

A2 Biology (8 decks)

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