5.2 encoding information into memory Flashcards
encoding
The process of moving information from one memory stage to the next (from sensory memory into short-term memory or from short-term memory to long-term memory).
storage
The process of maintaining information in a memory stage.
retrieval
The process of bringing information stored in long-term memory into short-term memory.
automatic processing
Memory processing that occurs subconsciously and does not require attention.
effortful processing
Memory processing that occurs consciously and requires attention.
levels-of-processing theory
A theory of information processing in memory that assumes that semantic processing, especially elaborative semantic processing, leads to better long-term memory.
elaborative rehearsal
A type of rehearsal in short-term memory in which incoming information is related to information from long-term memory to encode it into long-term memory.
self-reference effect
The superior long-term memory for information related to oneself at time of encoding into long-term memory.
encoding specificity principle
The principle that the environmental cues (both internal and external) present at the time information is encoded into long-term memory serve as the best retrieval cues for the information.
state-dependent memory
Long-term memory retrieval is best when a person’s physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same.
mood-dependent memory
Long-term memory retrieval is best when a person’s mood state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same.
mood-congruence effect
tendency to retrieve experiences and information that are congruent with a person’s current mood.
mnemonic
A memory aid.
method of loci
A mnemonic in which sequential pieces of information to be remembered are encoded by associating them with sequential locations in a very familiar room or place and then the pieces of information are retrieved by mentally going around the room (place) and retrieving the piece at each location.
peg-word system
A mnemonic in which the items in a list to be remembered are associated with the sequential items in a memorized jingle and then the list is retrieved by going through the jingle and retrieving the associated items.
