Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Msk Spine > (5.2) Cervical Spine Pathologies > Flashcards

(5.2) Cervical Spine Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diagnostic triage of neck pain?

A
  • Non-specific neck pain
  • Radicular syndrome
  • Serious pathology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 categories of grades?

A

I - no signs serious illness/injury
II - no signs serious illness/injury but difficulty in activities
III - signs nerve injury
IV - signs major illness/injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an acute neck trauma?

A

Encompasses a wide range of potential injuries to ligaments, muscle, bone and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Canadian C-Spine Rule?

A

It is used to determine whether or not the patient is in need for radiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is non-specific neck pain?

A

Neck pain without an underlying disease causing the pain, where no abnormal pain or anatomic structure is found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is indicates that the patient needs radiography in the Canadian C-Spine Rule?

A
  1. If they are at a high risk that mandates radiography
  2. If there is not a low enough risk to allow safe assessment and ROM
  3. If they are not actively able to rotate their neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of non-specific neck pain?

A
  • Mechanical / postural/ degenerative
  • Discogenic / facet joint / ligamentous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cervical radiculopathy?

A

Pain in a radicular pattern in one or both upper extremities caused by compression and/or of the cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes cervical radiculopathy?

A
  • Non-traumatic > traumatic
  • C7 n root most common
  • Disc herniation
  • Spondylosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does cervical radiculopathy occur?

A

Mechanical compression:
- localised ischemia
- nerve damage
Nucleus pulposus-nerve:
- pro-inflammatory cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can be seen on clinical examination of cervical radiculopathy?

A
  • neck + arm pain
  • parasthesia / numbness / weakness etc
  • altered ROM
  • dermatomal / myotomal / reflex changes
  • +ve cervical distraction test
  • +ve brachial plexus tension test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is cervical radiculopathy treated?

A

Usually resolves spontaneously 4-6/12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes cervical spondylosis?

A

Degenerative changes:
- discs
- facet joints
- osteophytes
- ligament thickening
- inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can be seen on clinical examination in a patient with cervical spondylosis?

A
  • pain (agg: movement)
  • stiffness
  • crepitus
  • functional impairment
  • decreased ROM
  • segmental tenderness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM)?

A

Injury or compression to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does DCM occur?

A
  • decreased diameter spinal canal with compression
  • advanced degenerative changes
  • central disc herniations
  • congenital narrowing spinal canal
16
Q

What are the symptoms of DCM?

A
  • neck pain/stiffness
  • unilateral/bilateral limb pain
  • upper limb weakness & numbness
  • paraesthesia
  • bowel or bladder incontinence
  • imbalance/unsteadiness
17
Q

What would be found on clinical examination of DCM?

A
  • extensors > flexors
  • limb hyperreflexia
  • spasticity
  • clonus
  • +ve Hoffmans and Babinski
  • sensory loss
  • gait disturbance
  • Lhermittes sign
18
Q

What is Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD)?

A
  • An acceleration-deceleration mechanism of energy transfer to the neck
  • Describes constellation of neck-related clinical symptoms manifesting post RTA etc
19
Q

What are the various soft tissue injuries that may occur following a WAD?

A

Facet Joint:
- haemarthrosis, capsular tears and damage
Spinal Nerve Root:
- ligamentous, disc, muscle injury

20
Q

What are the different classifications of WAD?

A

I - Neck complaint pain, stiffness or tenderness
II - Neck complaint, decreased ROM, point tenderness
III - Neck complaint and neuro signs
IV - Neck complaint and fracture or dislocation

21
Q

What can be seen on clinical examination of WAD?

A
  • varying pain
  • stiffness
  • upper limb paraesthesia
  • headaches
  • heavy head
  • psychological distress
  • decreased ROM
  • abnormal movement
  • localised tenderness
22
Q

What is Acute Torticollis?

A
  • aka ‘Wry Neck’
  • abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position
23
Q

What causes Acute Torticollis?

A

Cause is currently unknown
(unusual posture?)

24
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute Torticollis?

A
  • pain
  • decreased ROM
  • muscle spasm
  • contralateral rotation
25
Q

What is a Cervicogenic Headache?

A
  • headache of cervical origin
  • referred pain arising from irritation of upper cervical structures
26
Q

What are the symptoms of Cervicogenic Headaches?

A
  • headache associated with neck pain / stiffness
  • unilateral (starts one side of posterior head & migrates to front
  • decreased cervical ROM
  • Palpable upper cervical joint involvement
  • +ve cervical flexion rotation test
27
Q

What is Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

A
  • inflammatory muscle pain and weakness
  • neck and shoulders
28
Q

What causes Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

A
  • > woman (2:1)
  • develops over two weeks (sudden / gradual)
  • cause is unknown
29
Q

What are the symptoms of Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

A
  • ACHES and pains
  • stiffness esp mornings
  • limited ROM affected joints
  • upper arm tenderness
  • possibly a low grade fever
30
Q

What is the treatment of Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

A

Refer to a GP

31
Q

What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)?

A

Compression of the neurovascular bundle exiting the thoracic outlet

32
Q

What are the most common types of TOS?

A
  • Neurogenic (95%)
  • Venous (3-5%)
  • Arterial (1-2%)
33
Q

Where does neurogenic TOC normally occur?

A
  • unilateral > bilateral
  • Upper brachial plexus (20%)
  • Lower brachial plexus (80%)
34
Q

What are symptoms of neurogenic TOC?

A
  • pain (shoulder, lat neck, clavicular, arm, pecs)
  • paraesthesia
  • difficult distinguish b/t cervical radiculopathy and peripheral nerve lesion
35
Q

What are clinical tests that can be used to identify neurogenic TOC?

A
  • Adson’s test
  • Elevated arm stress test (EAST)
36
Q

How do you carry out the Adson test?

A
  • Affected arm abd 30 degrees at shoulder whilst fully extended
  • Extend and turn head towards ipsilateral side
  • +ve decrease or absence radial pulse
37
Q

What is the elevated arm stress test (EAST)?

A
  • arms surrender position
  • shoulders at 90 degrees and in ER
  • elbows flexed 90 degrees
  • patient slowly open/close hand 3 mins
  • +ve reproduction pain, stiffness, paraesthesia etc

Msk Spine (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions