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Msk Spine > (4.2) Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine > Flashcards

(4.2) Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of the cervical spine

A
  • 7 vertebrae
  • Cervical lordosis
  • Smallest & most mobile vertebrae
  • C1 called Atlas
  • C2 called Axis
  • Designed for motion, positioning of eyes, ears and nose
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2
Q

Describe the anatomy of C1 (Atlas)

A
  • Supports the head
  • Articulates superiorly occiput & inferiorly with Axis
  • No vertebral body, spinous process or discs
  • Ring-like
  • Large transverse process with transverse foramen
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3
Q

Describe the anatomy of C2 (Axis)

A
  • pivot on which C1 & the head rotates
  • Dens projects superiorly from body
  • Anterior facet articulates with atlas
  • Sup articular facets articulate with inf facets atlas
  • Inferior facets articulate with sup facets C3
  • Large prominent spinous process
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4
Q

What are the upper cervical ligaments?

A
  • Anterior/Posterior atlanto-occipital
  • Tectorial membrane
  • Apical
  • Alar
  • Transverse of atlas
  • Accessory atlanto-axial
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5
Q

Where is the Anterior/Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

extend b/t occiput and arches of atlas

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6
Q

Where is the Tectorial membrane ligament?

A

Connects the posterior body of axis to occiput

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7
Q

Where is the Apical ligament?

A

It is a short & thick ligament that stretches from the tip of the dens to the foramen magnum

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8
Q

What does the alar ligament do?

A
  • obliquely upwards from apex of dens to occipital condyles
  • limits contralateral rotation
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9
Q

Where is the accessory atlanto-axial ligament do?

A

Upwards/laterally from base of dens to lateral mass of atlas

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10
Q

What does the transverse ligament of the atlas do?

A
  • passes b/t medial tubercles of atlas
  • holds odontoid in place
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11
Q

Describe the atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • pivot joint
  • articulation b/t superior art facets of atlas and occipital condyles skull
  • ball and socket synovial joint
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12
Q

What are the movements of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A
  • Flexion (10 degrees)
  • Extension (20 degrees)
  • Lateral flexion (15-20 degrees)
  • Rotation (10-14 degrees)
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13
Q

Describe the atlanto-axial joint (C1/2)

A
  • most mobile segment in spine
  • 3 synovial joints
  • one central atlanto-odontoid joint (double joint)
  • two lateral atlanto-axial joints (plane joints)
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13
Q

Describe the anatomy of C3-7

A
  • Typical
  • Anterior body
  • Posterior arch formed by pedicles, articular processes, lamina and spinous processes
  • Sup & inf articular processes
  • Transverse processes
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14
Q

What are the ligaments in C3-7?

A
  • Anterior longitudinal
  • Posterior longitudinal
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Ligamentum nuchae
  • Interspinous
  • Intertransverse
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15
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral disc?

A
  • allows relative motion between vertebral bodies
  • absorbs, transmits load
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16
Q

Describe the anatomy of intervertebral discs

A
  • largely avascular
  • innervated by sinuvertebral nerve
  • nutrition by metabolite diffusion
  • named by the vertebral bodies above/below
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17
Q

Describe the cervical spinal nerves

A
  • 8 pairs
  • nerve roots exit via intervertebral foramina
  • cranial nerves numbered by vertebra below (except C8)
  • opposite to L and T spine
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18
Q

What action do nerve roots C1-C2 innervate?

A

Chin tuck

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19
Q

What action do the nerve root C5 innervate?

A

Shoulder abduction

19
Q

What action do nerve root C3 innervate?

A

Head side flexion

20
Q

What action do nerve root C4 innervate?

A

Shoulder elevation

21
Q

What actions does the nerve root C6 innervate?

A

Elbow flexion and wrist extension

21
Q

What action does the nerve root C8 innervate?

A

Thumb extension

22
Q

What action does the nerve root C7 innervate?

A

Elbow extension & wrist flexion

23
Q
A
24
Q

What action does the nerve root T1 innervate?

A

Finger abduction/adduction

24
Q

What nerve is responsible for the bicep jerk reflex?

A

C6

25
Q

What nerve is responsible for the triceps jerk reflex?

A

C7

26
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A
  • network spinal nerves supplying UL
  • Originates C5-T1 spinal nerves
  • 5 roots, 3 trunks, 6 divisions, 3 cords, 5 terminal branches
26
Q

What are the nerves branching from the brachial plexus?

A
  • musculotaneous
  • axillary
  • radial
  • median
  • ulnar
27
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A
  • 2 heads
  • O: Sternum + medial clavicle
  • I: Mastoid process, nuchal line
  • A: lateral flexion, contralateral rotation, flex mid lower C-spine, extend upper C-spine
28
Q

Anterior Scalene

A
  • O: anterior tubercles T-pro C3-6
  • I: 1st rib
  • A: lateral flex, contra rotation, flexion
29
Q

Medius Scalene

A
  • O: posterior tubercles of T-pro C2-7
  • I: 1st rib
  • A: lat flex, flexion
30
Q

Posterior Scalene

A
  • O: posterior tubercles of T-pro C4-6
  • I: 2nd rib
  • A: lateral flexion
31
Q

Longus Colli

A

O:
- Superior: ant tubercles T-pro C3-C5
- Intermediate: ant surface C5-T3
- Inferior: ant surface T1-T3
I:
- Superior: ant tubercle C1
- Intermediate: ant surface C2-C4
- Inferior: ant tubercles T-pro C5-C6

32
Q

Longus Capitus

A
  • O: ant tubercle T-pro C3-6
  • I: Occiput
  • A: flex upper cranio-cervical region
33
Q

Rectus Capitus Anterior & Lateralis

A
  • O: T-pro axis
  • I: Occiput & occipital condyle
  • A: Flex & Lateral Flex
34
Q

Splenius Cervicis

A
  • O: Spinous process T3-6
  • I: Posterior tubercles t-pro C1-3
  • A: Lat flex, ipsilateral rotation, extension
35
Q

Splenius Capitis

A
  • O: Lower ligamentum nuchae + spinous process C7-T4
  • I: Mastoid process
  • A: Lat flex, ipsilateral rotation, extension
35
Q

Suboccipital muscles

A
  • Attach b/t atlas, axis & occiput
  • Fine-tuned head movement
35
Q

What are the muscles of the Erector Spinae?

A
  • Spinalis cervicis
  • Spinalis capitis
  • Longissimus cervicis
  • Longissimus capitis
  • Iliocostalis cervicis
  • All lat flex, rotation, extension
36
Q

What are the Transversospinal muscles?

A
  • Semispinalis capitis
  • Semispinalis cervicis
  • More finely contolled mvmt
37
Q

Upper Trapezius

A
  • O: Occiput, ligamentum nuchae, S-pro C7
  • I: Lateral 1/3rd clavicle
  • A: Elevate and stabilize scapula, head and neck extension, lat flexion
38
Q

Levator Scapula

A
  • O: T-pro C1-4
  • I: Medial border of scapula
  • A: Stabilize scapula, head and neck extension, lateral flex, rotation
39
Q

What are the interbody vertebral joints?

A
  • From C2-3 down
  • Fibrocartilaginous
  • AF/NP change response to motion/load
40
Q

What are uncovertebral joints?

A
  • small synovial
  • C3-7
  • reinforce disc postero-laterally
  • prevent posterior translation
  • allow flexion & extension
41
Q

What are facet joints?

A
  • aka zygapophyseal
  • formed superior and inferior facets
  • orientated 45 degree angle
  • as descends facets face more vertically (less rotation)

Msk Spine (9 decks)

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