5.2 Calcium and Renal Stones

Question 1

How much calcium is present in the body?

Answer 1

1- 1.2kg

Question 2

Where is the vast majority of Calcium kept in the body?

Answer 2

Skeleton

Question 3

What controls calcium absorption in the gut?

Answer 3

1,25-(OH)2D

Question 4

Where is calcium absorbed in the kidney?

Answer 4

PCT
Ascending LoH
DCT

Question 5

What affect does calcitonin have on plasma calcium levels?

Answer 5

Decreases

Question 6

What affect does Vitamin D and PTH have on plasma calcium levels?

Answer 6

Increases

Question 7

Where does Vitamin D come from?

Answer 7

Diet and sunlight

Question 8

What affects does 1,25-(OH)2D have on the body?

Answer 8

Regulates cell differentiation 
Inhibits cellular growth
Stimulates insulin secretion 
Inhibits renin production 
Promotes osteoclast activity- increases availability of Ca2+
Increase Ca2+ reabsorption in the gut

Question 9

What are the actions of calcitonin?

Answer 9

Inhibits bone reabsorption

Inhibits kidney reapsorption of Ca2+

Question 10

Give 3 causes of hypercalcaemia

Answer 10

Haematological malignancies
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Sarcoidosis

Question 11

What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

Answer 11

Moans
Stones
Groans
Psychological undertones

Question 12

How do renal stones present?

Answer 12

Haematouria and pain in renal tract

Question 13

What is hypercalciuria?

Answer 13

Increased absorption and secretion of calcium

Question 14

What is hyperoxaluria?

Answer 14

Increased oxalate in urine

Question 15

What is hyperuricosuria?

Answer 15

Increased uric acid in urine

Question 16

What is hypocitraturia?

Answer 16

Decreased citrates in urine