5.1.4 Hormonal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine glands?

A

hormones are released by the endocrine gland into the blood
they are ductless

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2
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

they produce hormone that is not directly released in the blood
they have a duct that carries the secretion to another place

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

peptide hormones - cannot enter cell

lipid based hormones - can diffuse through phospholipid layer

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4
Q

What is the action of adrenaline?

A
  • hormone adrenaline is the 1st messenger
  • hormone has specific and complementary shape to its target cell
  • adrenaline binds to receptor causes adenyl cyclase in the cell to activate
    -converts ATP into cAMP which acts as a 2nd messenger
    -cAMP activates different enzymes/cascade of reactions
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5
Q

Draw the structure of adrenal gland?

A
  • found onto of kidney
  • outer layer is the adrenal cortex (produces essential hormones)
  • middle layer is the adrenal medulla (produces non-essential hormones)
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6
Q

What are the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol;
aldosterone;
sex hormones;
(oestrogen and testosterone)

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7
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A
  • stimulates glycogenolysis;
  • reduces inflammations;
    -regulates blood pressure;
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8
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

sodium and potassium ions in the reabsorption in the kidneys;
water reabsorptions;
control of blood pressure;

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9
Q

What is the function of sex hormones?

A

aid in the development of the gametes

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10
Q

What are the hormones produced by the medulla?

A

adrenaline;
noradrenaline;

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11
Q

What is the function of adrenaline?

A

increases heart rate;
stimulates glycogenolysis;
triggers flight/fight response;

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12
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline?

A

increases heart rate;
stimulates glycogenolysis;
triggers flight/fight response;

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13
Q

Is the pancreas an endocrine or an exocrine gland?

A

exocrine = enzymes are carried to the gall bladder in the pancreatic duct

endocrine = insulin and glucagon are released directly into the blood stream

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14
Q

Where in the pancreas are the hormones secreted?

A

Islets of Langerhands

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans and what hormones do they secrete?

A

alpha cells = glucagon
beta cells = insulin

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16
Q

Draw a image of what you would see of a pancreatic cell using a microscope?

A

Acini
Islet of Langerhans
Pancreatic duct
Blood vessels

17
Q

What is the normal range of blood glucose metabolism?

A

4-6 mmol dm-3

18
Q

When does blood glucose concentration increase?

A

eating a carb rich diet
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

19
Q

When does blood glucose concentration decrease?

A

respiration
glycogenesis

20
Q

What occurs when blood glucose is too high?

A
  • detected by beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
  • the hormone insulin is secreted into the blood
  • target cells are hepatocytes in the liver
  • insulin binds to the specific and complementary receptors on the cell membranes of the hepatocytes
  • insulin acts as first messenger and this causes adenyl cyclase to be activates
  • adenyl cyclase activates cAMP
  • more glucose enters the cells + glygogenesis
  • more glucose is used in respirations
    = causes blood conc to fall
21
Q

What is lowering blood glucose an example of?

A

Negative feedback

22
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too low?

A
  • low glucose blood levels are detected by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
  • glucagon is secreted into the blood by the pancreas
  • target cells are hepatocytes in the liver
  • glycogen is converted into glucose (glycogenolysis)
  • more fatty acids are used in respiration
  • amino acids and fats are converted to glucose (gluconeogensis)
    = increases blood glucose levels
23
Q

How is insulin secretion controlled by the beta cells?

A
  • plasma membranes of beta cells contain potassium and calcium ion channels
  • potassium ions channels are normally open and sodium channels are closed = making the cell more negative
  • when blood glucose levels are high, glucose molecules diffuse into the cell;
  • the glucose molecules are used in respiration to produce ATP
  • the extra ATP caused potassium ion channels to close
  • potassium ions can no longer diffuse out and the potential difference across the membrane becomes less negative
  • calcium ion channels open
  • calcium ions enter the cell and cause vesicles containing insulin to fuse with the plasma membrane and release insulin via exocytosis
24
Q

What is diabetes?

A

when the body is no longer able to control glucose levels in the blood

can lead to hyperglycemia = high blood glucose levels

can lead to hypoglyceamia = low blood glucose levels

25
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A
  • usually starts in childhood
  • the body no longer produces any insulin;
    beta cells not functioning properly;
    -body cannot store excess glucose and glycogen
  • thought to be an autoimmune disease;
  • body destroys its own beta cells
  • genetic;
  • thought to be triggered by a virus/environmental factor
26
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A
  • usually starts later in life due to obesity
  • body doesn’t respond to inulin/not enough insulin is produced
  • thought to be because the receptor for insulin doesnt work properly;
27
Q

What factors bring early onset for type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity;
physical inactivity;
high blood pressure;
being asian/afro-caribbean;
family history;
males;
excessive alcohol intake;

28
Q

What is treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin injections

29
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

maintain a low carb diet with low glucose
exercise regulary

30
Q

How can insulin be produced?

A

gentically modified bacterial plasmids

stem cells