Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level biology > 4.1.1 Communicable diseases > Flashcards

4.1.1 Communicable diseases Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health?

A

free from illness/disease;
physical and social and mental well being;
good nutrition;
suitably housed;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is disease?

A

impairment of normal functioning of organism;
malfunction of body or mind;
symptoms may be physical, mental or social;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a parasite?

A

organism that lives in or on and harms host;
they take their nutrients/feeds on the host;
provides warmth/protections;
allows transmission to new host;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

microorganisms that cause disease;
they take nutrients from the host and damage it in the process;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A

reproduce fast;
damaging cells;
releasing toxins;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 3 bacterial diseases on the spec?

A

tuberculosis(TB)
bacterial meningitis
ring rot (patatoes, tomatoes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do fungi cause disease?

A

sends out reproductive hyphae;
they grow on the surface of the skin and release spores;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 fungal diseases from the spec?

A

black sigatoka(bannanas)
ringworm (cattle)
athletes foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

viruses invade cells;
insert their DNA into ours;
cell makes more copies of the cell;
host eventually bursts releasing new viruses;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 viruses from the spec?

A

HIV/AIDS
influenza
TMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does protocista cause disease?

A

eukaryotic cells that have membrane bound organelles;
cause harm by entering host cells and feeding on contents as they grow;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 protoctistas on the spec?

A

malaria
tomato blight
patato blight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the differences between direct and indirect transmission?

A

direct - directly from one individual to another

indirect - indirectly from one individual to another e.g airbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

mother to baby through placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

peer transmission; person to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of direct transmission?

A

direct contact
inoculation
ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 types of indirect transmission?

A

droplet infection
fomites
vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are other factors that can affect transmission of disease?

A

poor waste disposal
poor nutrition
culture and infrastructure
climate change
international travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can we try and reduce direct transmission?

A

handwashing
reduce overcrowding
disposal of both bodily and household waste effectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is TB spread?

A

through droplets of water in the air release through sneezing/coughing
inhaled by the unaffected individual
indirect contact

commonly spread:
overcrowded
poor ventilation
malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is bacterial meningitis spread?

A

through direct contact
e.g kissing, touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is ring rot spread?

A

indirect transmission

21
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human
immunodeficiency virus

22
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Autoimmune deficiency

23
Q

How is influenza spread?

A

direct and indirect

24
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

direct

25
Q

How is patato blight spread?

A

though water e.g rain
indirect

26
Q

How is ring worm spread?

A

direct contact

27
Q

How is athletes foot spread?

A

direct and indirect

28
Q

Describe how a mosquito transmits the malarial parasite to a human?

A

mosquito is a vector;
plasmodium present in mosquito;
in the salivary gland;
mosquito feeds on human;
passes parasite plasmodium from saliva to blood;

29
Q

What is direct transmission in plants?

A

contact with leaves

30
Q

What is indirect transmission in plants?

A

soil contamination
(infected plants leave pathogens for next plant)
wind
water
animals
humans

31
Q

What are factors that affect transmission of disease in plants?

A

choice of plant species
overcrowding
monoculture
poor availability of minerals

32
Q

How can transmission of communicable disease be prevented in plants?

A

leave plenty of room between plants
clear fields as thoroughly as possible
rotate crops
follow strict hygiene practices

33
Q

What is a plant physical response to pathogens?

A

callose is deposited into the cell walls and reinforced with lignin
it blocks the sieve tubes end plates in the phloem = sealing off infected area
blocks the plasmodesmata between infected cells and their neighbours

34
Q

What are chemical defences of plants?

A

tannins
insect repellants
antifungal compounds
anti oomycetes
general toxins - cynanide

35
Q

What are some primary defences in humans?

A

eyes - lysozymes
skin - barrier, sebum, low pH, flora (healthy microbes)
stomach - HCl
mucous membranes
expulsive reflexes - coughing and sneezing

36
Q

What is the process of blood clotting?

A

tissue is damaged
platelets activated by damaged tissue
platelets release thromboplastin
which catalyses prothrombin into thrombin with calcium ions
and thrombin catalyses soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
which forms a blood clot

37
Q

Why does blood clotting occur?

A

prevent excessive blood loss
form a barrier (scab) to prevent entry of pathogens

38
Q

What is inflammation?

A

swelling of the immediately around the rupture = pain, heat, redness

39
Q

Describe the process of inflammation?

A

mast cells are activated when the skin is rupture which release histamines and cytokines
histamines causes the capillaries to dilate = causing heat and redness = high temp = prevent pathogens reproducing
histamines cause leaky capillaries = allows tissue fluid to release = swelling
cytokines attract phagocytes to cause phagocytosis

40
Q

What is a structure of a neutrophil?

A

formed in the bone marrow
multi lobed nucleus

41
Q

What is the structure of macrophages?

A

formed in the bone marrow
longer life than neutrophils
monocytes in blood
lobed nucleus

42
Q

What is a non-specific resposne and what are the two types of processes?

A

response is immediate and same for all pathogens

physical barrier
phagocytosis

43
Q

What is a specific response and what are the 2 types of processes?

A

response is slower and is specific to each pathogen

cell- mediated - T lymphocytes

humoral response - B lymphocytes

44
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis?

A

pathogens produce chemicals and other toxins that attract phagocytes
phagocytes recognise foreign antigens on pathogens not to be of the organisms
phagocyte engulfs pathogen via endocytosis = phagosome
binds to lysosome = phagolysosome
enzymes in phagolysosome break down pathogen
harmless products e.g amino acids absorbed into cytoplasm
antigen presenting cell formed

45
Q

What is an opsonin?

A

any molecule that enhances phagocytosis
marking antigen of pathogen
e.g antibodies

46
Q

What is the structure of a lymphocyte?

A

spherical nucleus

47
Q

What are cytokines?

A

act as cell signalling molecules and stimulate phagocytes to move to the site of infection/inflammation

48
Q

What is an immune reponse?

A

response to antigen;
involves lymphocytes;
production of antibodies;

49
Q

What is the difference between T-Cells and B-Cells?

A

T cells mature in the thymus
B cells mature in the bone marrow

50
Q
A
51
Q
A

A level biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions