5.1.1 Communication and Homeostatsis Flashcards
Why do multicellular organisms need communication systems?
- animals and plants need to respond to changes in their internal and external environment
- they also need to coordinate the activities of different organs
Why do we need to keep our temperature?
- low temperatures mean little kinetic energy
- so chemical reactions involving enzymes slow down which can result in death
- high temperatures can use enzymes to denature
Why do we need to keep our water potential constant?
If blood has lower water potential than tissue fluid, water moves into cells via osmosis, causing cells to burst
Why do we need to keep pH constant?
- pH affects the amount of H+ ions
- causing the tertiary structure of enzymes to change
- 3D shape of active site changes
- substrate can’t bind to form ES complexes
Why do we need to keep our blood glucose levels constant?
Dissolved glucose in large amounts can affect the water potential of the blood
How does communication occur in the human body?
- the nervous system communicates with muscular system in order to move away or towards a stimulus
- brain communicates with rest of the body through the nervous system
- circulatory system works with nervous to maintain gas levels in blood + body temperature
- hormones releases from glands to circulatory system communicate with other glands to maintain internal environment
Define homeostasis
Maintennance of a stable internal environment within a narrow range despite external environment conditions changing
What makes a good communication system?
- covers the whole body
- allows cell to communicate with each other
- is specific
- is rapid
- can cause short term and long term effects
Define stimulus
A change in internal or external environment that causes a response
Define response
A change in behaviour or physiology due to a stimulus
Define physiology
Function of organs and organ systems, and how they work within the body to respond to changes
What are receptors and give examples
Detect stimuli and communicate with effectors
- retina
- hypothalamus
- pancreas
What are effectors and give examples
Cause a change to bring the body back to its normal level. Work through negative feedback mechanisms
- hormones
- nervous impulses
What is cell signalling
Communication and co-ordination between cells that allows cells to work together to trigger a response or a reaction inside the cell
Define negative feedback
Corrective homeostatic mechanism that works to restore any detected change in the internal environment to a set point/norm. It maintains a system around a set point/norm. (Leads to homeostasis)
Explain the process of negative feedback
- Stimulus changes away from norm
- Receptor detects change from norm
- Communication systems informs effector
- Effector (muscle or gland) produces change/response to reverse change from set norm
- Response to return system to point norm
- System at set point
Define positive feedback
When an initial biological change is increased further or exaggerated
(can be harmful or beneficial)