2.1.1 Cell Structure Flashcards
State differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
- Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, eukaryotes do
- Prokaryotes are bacteria, eukaryotes are animal and plant cells
Describe a virus
- non-cellular
- contains no cytoplasm or organelles
- no chromosome, just DNA and RNA strands
- enclosed in a protein coat
- depends on cells for metabolism and reproduction
Name organelles of an animal cell
- mitochondria
- plasma membrane
- centrioles
- Golgi apparatus
- nucleus
- lysosome
- rough er
- smooth er
- ribosome
- cell surface membrane
Describe the structure and function of a nucleus
Structure
Nuclear envelope:
- outer membrane
- inner membrane
- pores in nuclear envelope
- nucleoplasm (made from chromatin)
- nucleolus (dark region of chromatin)
- largest organelle
Function
- stores genetic information in DNA
- DNA replication occurs in the nucleus
Describe the structure and function of a ribosome
Structure
- very small
- mostly found on ER (makes it rough)
- made of RNA
- no membrane
- made from two subunits
- 70s (smaller) in prokaryotic cells
- 80s in eukaryotic cells
Function
- carries out protein synthesis
Describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Structure
- covered in ribosomes
- forms cisternae (flattened sacs)
- membrane made from phospholipid bilayer
- membranes are continuous with nuclear envelope
Function
- transports protein around the cell and the Golgi body
- holds ribosomes responsible for protein synthesis
Describe the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Structure
- forms cisternae (flattened sacs)
- membrane made from phospholipid bilayer
function
- site of production and transport of lipids/steroids
Describe the structure and function of the Golgi body/apparatus
Structure
- flatterned membrane-bound sacs
Function
- receives proteins from ribosomes
- proteins and lipids then become modified to produce glycoproteins and glycolipids (carbohydrate is added) then packaged into vesicles
- vesicles transport glycoproteins and glycolipids to the cell membrane, to be secreted by exocytosis
- also produces lysosomes, which contain lytic enzymes which breakdown bacteria and worn out organelles
Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria
Structure
- outer + inner membrane
- matrix, where DNA is found (space inside)
- inner membrane is folded to form cristae
- sausage shaped
function
- site of aerobic respiration
- ATP is formed here
- have circular DNA and 70s ribosomes (suggest they could have evolved from bacteria)
Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton
Structure
- microfilaments of actin
- microtubules made of tublin
Function
- micro filaments move against each other allowing cellular movement
- provides strength
- stabilises, supports, strengthens the cell
- holds organelles in place
- transport within the cell
- make up the spindle fibres and centrioles used in cell devision
- used to move flagella and cilia
Describe and explain vesicle and lysosome transport
- cytoskeleton (microtubules) provide a pathway
- 2 motor types- dynein + kinesin, which use ATP
- microtubules can be extended and broken down
Suggest processes that rely on the cytoskeleton for movement
- movement of chromosomes in cell division
- movement of cytoplasm in cytokinesis
- movement of organelles
- movement of RNA in protein synthesis
- movement of proteins
Describe the structure and function of centrioles
Structure
- small tubes of protein fibres
- found near the nucleus in animal cells
- not found in plant cells
Function
- form spindle fibres for cell division
- move chromosomes during nuclear division
Describe the structure and function of flagella and cilia
Structure
- nine microtubules arranged in a circle with two at the centre
Function
- movement caused by ATP
- required mitochondria and cytoskeleton to function
- used by sperm cells and ciliated epithelial cells
Describe the structure and function of micro villi
Structure
- folds in the plasma membrane of animals cells
Function
- increases surface area for a faster rate of diffusion
Name the organelles of a plant cell
- cell wall
- cell surface membrane
- large permanent vacuole
- nucleus
- chloroplasts
- mitochondria
- cytoplasm
- lysosome
- rough er
- smooth er
- ribosomes
- Golgi body
Describe and explain the components of a chloroplast
- outer and inner membrane
- oil droplets contacting lipids used for making/ repairing membranes (as they are made from phospholipids)
- grana made from stacks of disks called thylakoids
- thylakoids contain the pigment chlorophyll
- intergranal lamellae are membranes that link the grana together
- the Stroma is fill with fluid + starch grains
- contains 70s ribosomes and circular DNA (suggests they evolved from bacteria)
Name 3 important adaptations of chloroplasts
- grana have a large surface area for attachment of lots of chlorophyll molecules
- chloroplasts have DNA and ribosomes to quickly create protein when needed
- chloroplasts have oil droplets for making more phospholioid membranes
Describe the structure and function of the cell wall in plant cells
- made from cellulose (a polysaccharide) which is permeable
- provides strength to the cell, as it has a high tensile strength to stop the cell bursting when water enters
- makes the cell rigid, which prevents wilting