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Embryology > 510-04 Epithelia > Flashcards

510-04 Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelia consists of one or more layers of closely adhering cells that form a flat sheet with an unattached ___ surface (exposed to environment or internal body cavity) and a ___ surface (attached to basement membrane).

A

free, basal

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2
Q

Do epithelia contain blood vessels?

A

no, epithelia are avascular

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3
Q

Because epithelia are avascular, through which process do they receive nutrients from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue or from a moist free surface?

A

diffusion

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4
Q

Are epithelia innervated?

A

yes

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5
Q

What kind of neurons innervate epithelia?

A

sensory neurons

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6
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A

It anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue (so that skin stays in place).

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7
Q

Is epithelium permeable/ semi-permeable/ non-permeable? If so, what is one type of cell that is is permeable to?

A

semi-permeable, white blood cells

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8
Q

Do epithelia cells on average have a longer or shorter lifespan than other cells? Why?

A

shorter, there are no blood vessels so they lack consistent nutrition

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9
Q

The basement membrane of the epithelia is composed of the ___ lamina and the ____ lamina.

A

basal, reticular

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10
Q

____ lamina is a complex mixture of proteins produced by the epithelial cells and underlying fibroblast?

A

basal lamina

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11
Q

What three proteins do basal epithelial cells contribute to the basal lamina?

A

laminin, entactin, type IV (4) collagen

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12
Q

What cells in the connective tissue under the epithelia contribute fibronectin and proteoglycans to the basal lamina?

A

fibroblasts

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13
Q

Fibroblasts in connective tissue under the epithelia contribute molecules including ____ and ___ to the basal lamina

A

fibronectin + proteoglycans

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14
Q

The ___ lamina is a layer of the basement membrane seen in some epithelia that attaches to underlying connective tissue.

A

reticular

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15
Q

What is the underlying connective tissue that the reticular lamina blends into?

A

lamina propria

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16
Q

Can the layers of the basal lamina be seen with a light microscope?

A

No, layers of the basal lamina can only be seen with an electron microscope

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17
Q

The basal lamina is composed of a thin, light staining ____ ____ and a darker staining ___ ___.

A

lamina lucida, lamina densa

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18
Q

(T/F) Lamina densa is light staining and lamina lucida is dark staining

A

false

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19
Q

____ is a glycoprotein secreted by epithelial cells that bind type IV collagen, heparin sulfate and integrins. This glycoprotein bridges the lamina lucida and lamina densa to the plasma membrane

A

laminin

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20
Q

Lamina densa is composed of _____ collagen and ____.

A

Type IV (4), proteoglycans

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21
Q

The ___ ___ is the structural attachment site for anchoring fibrils that extend to the reticular fibers in the connective tissue under the epithelium.

A

lamina densa

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22
Q

The basal lamina and reticular lamina are joined together by type __ and __ collagen fibrils that weave through loops of type ___ collagen anchoring fibrils

A

1, 3, 7

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23
Q

Hemidesmosome connect the basal lamina to the cytoskeletal ____.

A

tonofilaments

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24
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • allows rapid diffusion of gases

- secretion of serous fluid

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25
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli of the lungs, renal glomeruli, and the cardiovascular system?

A

simple squamous

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26
Q

Are simple cuboidal epithelium cells often found with microvilli?

A

yes

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27
Q

What are 3 functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

1) absorption
2) secretion
3) conduction

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28
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the liver, thyroid, lung bronchioles, kidney tubules, mammary glands, salivary glands, and other glands?

A

simple cuboidal

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29
Q

What might the free surface of simple columnar epithelia posses?

A

microvilli or cilia

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30
Q

What are two functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

1) absorption

2) secretion of mucus (goblet cells)

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31
Q

What kind of cells secrete mucus in simple columnar epithelium?

A

goblet cells

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32
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the intestines, uterus, and ducts of glands?

A

simple columnar

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33
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium has a mix of short ___ cells and taller ____ cells and ___ cells which creates a stratified appearance.

A

basal, goblet, ciliated

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34
Q

What does pseudostratified epithelium secrete and propel?

A

respiratory mucus

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35
Q

What kind of epithelium secretes and propels respiratory mucus?

A

pseudostratified

36
Q

Which type of epithelium is found in the upper respiratory tract including the trachea and nasal cavities?

A

pseudostratified

37
Q

What 3 parts do mucous mebranes consist of?

A

1) mucous-producing epithelium
2) lamina proria - underlying layer of vascular connective tissue
3) muscularis mucosae- thin layer of smooth muscle

38
Q

What kind of tracts do mucous membranes line?

A

Tracts that open to the exterior: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive

39
Q

Mucous is produced by ___ cells in the epithelium and by ____ ___ in the lamina propria

A

goblet, multicellular glands

40
Q

Why are epithelia of the upper respiratory tract and parts of the reproductive tract ciliated?

A

to sweep mucous out of the body

41
Q

Does a keratinized epithelium have a surface layer of alive or dead cells? Do these cells have nuclei?

A

dead, no

42
Q

What is epithelium called with characteristics in between those of keratanized and nonkeratinized epithelium?

A

parakeritanized/ orthokeritanized

43
Q

What kind of stratified epithelial cells are living, nucleated, and form an abrasion-resistant, moist, slippery layer?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

44
Q

Where can nonkeratinized stratified squamous be found in body?

A

oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina

45
Q

What are 2 advantages of a keratinized layer of epithelium?

A

The keratin retards water loss and is a barrier to irritants and pathogens

46
Q

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found in the body?

A

epidermis and some oral epithelia

47
Q

In the uncommon stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium, the basal cells are typically ____ with surface cells that are either ___ or ____.

A

cuboidal, cuboidal or columnar

48
Q

Where may stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium be found in the body? Are they common?

A

Can be found in the larger ducts of some glands including the pancreas, salivary glands and sweat glands. Not common type of epithelium

49
Q

What is the purpose of the protective protein plaques that cover the domed surface cells of transitional epithelium?

A

protect cells from infection
protect cells through the mechanism of stretching (i.e when the bladder stretches to accommodate for larger volume of urine)

50
Q

What type of epithelium is characterized by domes surface cells covered with protective plaque surfaces?

A

transitional epithelium

51
Q

(T/F) Transitional epithelium is actually a pseudostratified epithelium

A

True

52
Q

Where in body is transitional epithelium found?

A

urinary bladder

53
Q

All cells, except ___ ___, are anchored to other cells or to the matrix surrounding them by intercellular junctions

A

blood cells

54
Q

Which intercellular junction seals together neighboring cells in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage between cells?

A

tight junction (zonula occludens)

55
Q

Which intercellular junction joins actin bundles in one cell to actin bundles in an adjoining cell?

A

adhesive junctions (zonula adherens)

56
Q

Which intercellular junction joins the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in an adjoining cell?

A

desmosome (macula adherens)

57
Q

Which intercellular junction allows passage of small, water-soluble molecules from one cell into another?

A

gap junctions

58
Q

Which intercellular junction anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina?

A

hemidesmosomes

59
Q

What is the strongest intercellular junction?

A

desmosome

60
Q

What kind of junction does “zonula” describe? “macula”?

A

zonula- junction that completely encircles cell (tight, adhesive)
macula- junctions in specific spots (desmosomes)

61
Q

Tight junctions completely encircle the cell at the ___ end

A

apical

62
Q

Tight junctions are composed of transmembrane adhesive proteins including ____, ___, and other cell-specific ____

A

claudin, occludin, JAMs (junctional adhesion molecules)

63
Q

(T/F) In tight junctions, the transmembrane adhesive proteins of one cell bind to different proteins on the adjacent cell.

A

False, they bind to the same protein (i.e claudin binds with claudin)

64
Q

Adhesive junctions are dependent on what ion?

A

Ca ++ (calcium

65
Q

Desmosomes are abundant among cells of ___ and ____

A

muscle and skin

66
Q

____ are strong attachments that hold cells together against mechanical stresses like shearing forces

A

Desmosomes

67
Q

Desmosomes are composed of attachment plaques of structural proteins linked to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton, like ___, and to integral membrane proteins like ____.

A

keratin, cadherin

68
Q

What are the cadherins in desmosomes?

A

desmoglein and desmocollin

69
Q

What intracellular proteins in desmosomes form a dense plaque that anchors intermediate filaments?

A

plakoglobin, desmoplakin, and plakophilin

70
Q

Where in the body are gap junctions abundant?

A

embryos, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

71
Q

What protein controls gap junctions?

A

connexin

72
Q

How many connexins make up a connexon?

A

6

73
Q

Gap junctions are clusters of ___.

A

connexons

74
Q

What kind of junction is formed when the connexons of two cells pair up?

A

gap junction

75
Q

Glands are composed predominantly of ____ tissue

A

epithelial

76
Q

What kind of glands possess ducts?

A

exocrine

77
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts? What are there products? How are they secreted?

A
  • No
  • hormones
  • directly into the blood or intercellular fluids
78
Q

What organs are both exocrine and endocrine?

A

pancreas, liver, and gonads

79
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands? What is the difference between them?

A
  • simple glands have an unbranched duct

- compound glands have branched ducts

80
Q

What are the shapes of exocrine glands and when does each shape occur?

A

tubular- if the ductal cells are secretory
acinar- if secretory cells form a dilated sac called an acinus
tubuloacinar- if secretory cells are in both ductal and acinar regions of the gland

81
Q

Which glands produce thin, watery secretions such as sweat, milk, tears and digestive juices?

A

serous glands

82
Q

Which glands produces a glycoprotein, mucin, that absorbs water to form a sticky secretion called mucus?

A

mucous glands

83
Q

Which glands contains both serous and mucous glands?

A

mixed glands

84
Q

Which glands release whole cells into ducts (i.e testes release sperm into ductus deferense and ovaries release ova into fallopian tube)

A

cytogenic glands

85
Q

What is a merocrine secretion?

A

cells release product into a duct by exocytosis

86
Q

What is a holocrine secretion?

A

cells mature, die, and then disintegrate to deliver accumulated product into duct

Embryology (5 decks)

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