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Embryology > 510-03 Craniofacial Embryology > Flashcards

510-03 Craniofacial Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

As neurulation proceeds through the third week of development, the embryo elongates and folds in which two directions?

A

cephalocaudally (head + tail) and laterally (see figure 2-9 on slide 4)

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2
Q

As the head and neck begin to form during the 4th-5th weeks of development, the embryonic ____ develops a series of external arches, clefts, and internal pouches that contain tissues that will develop into important nerves, blood vessels, bones, cartilage and other organs of the head and neck.

A

pharynx

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3
Q

(T/F) Each pharyngeal cleft develops its own artery, nerve, muscle, and skeletal elements of the head and neck

A

False, each pharyngeal ARCH develops its own artery, nerve, muscle, and skeletal elements of the head and neck

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4
Q

pharyngeal arches consist of bars of mesenchymal tissue separated by internal pharyngeal ____ and external pharyngeal ___.

A

pouches, clefts

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5
Q

Pharyngeal pouches are lined by which germ layer?

A

endoderm

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6
Q

Which structure gives rise to the middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, palatine tonsil, parathyroid glands, thymus and ultimobranchial bodies? (pharyngeal arches/ pouches/ clefts)

A

pharyngeal pouches

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7
Q

Which pharyngeal cleft gives rise to the external auditory meatus?

A

the first cleft

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8
Q

What structure does the first pharyngeal cleft give rise to?

A

external auditory meatus

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9
Q

What structure is formed by the tracheo-bronchial diverticulum?

A

the lungs

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10
Q

Outgrowths of the pharynx form ____ that will form structures in the head and neck

A

pouches

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11
Q

What are 3 diffusible signaling molecules that help guide neural crest cell migration?

A

1) sonic hedgehog (Shh)
2) bone morphogenic proteins (Bmp)
3) fibroblast growth factors (Fgf)

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12
Q

Development of head and neck tissues depend on migration of what kind of cells into the pharyngeal arches?

A

neural crest cells

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13
Q

Migrating neural crest cells express genes that regulate differentiation of developing head and neck tissues by establishing gradients that are regulated by expression of ___ genes.

A

Hox genes

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14
Q

Which arch develops into the mandible and maxilla?

A

first

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15
Q

Which arch contains Meckel’s cartilage?

A

first

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16
Q

Which ossicles are made due to Meckel’s cartilage?

A

Incus and malleus

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17
Q

Which arch contains Reichert’s cartilage?

A

second

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18
Q

What ossicle is made due to Reichert’s cartilage?

A

stapes

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19
Q

The ____ that will eventually become the opening of the oral cavity is initially closed by a buccopharyngeal membrane in a 24 day embryo.

A

stomodeum

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20
Q

The stomodeum that will eventually become the opening of the oral cavity is initially closed by a ______ membrane in a 24 day embryo.

A

buccopharyngeal

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21
Q

What cellular process do the nasal placodes rely on in order to form into nostrils?

A

apoptosis

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22
Q

Of the 6 pharyngeal arches, which ones produce significant body structures?

A

1-4

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23
Q

What does the 6th pharyngeal arch contribute to?

A

laryngeal cartilage

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24
Q

The cartilages of the first and second pharyngeal arches are derived from ______. The cartilages of the 3rd-6th arches are derived from ____.

A

neural crest cells, mesoderm

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25
Q

(T/F) the cartilages of the 3rd-6th pharyngeal arches are derived from neural crest cells

A

FALSE

26
Q

Which arch contains thyroid cartilage?

A

4

27
Q

Which arch contains cricoid cartilage?

A

6

28
Q

Which arch forms into the temporal bone?

A

1

29
Q

Which arch forms into the hyoid bone?

A

3

30
Q

What is the process in which maxillary bones develop, where bone progressively replaces the embryonic connective tissue?

A

intramembranous ossification

31
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

intramembranous and endochondral

32
Q

The membranous bone of the developing mandible grows completely around the ___ ____ nerve and forms the ____ ___ that will contain the nerve.

A

inferior alveolar nerve, mandibular canal

33
Q

The ramus develops from a rapid spread of ossification away from Meckel’s cartilage at a point marked by the ___ in an adult mandible

A

lingula

34
Q

The perichondrium of Meckel’s cartilage becomes the _____ ligament

A

sphenomandibular

35
Q

The ___ cartilage develops as an independent piece of cartilage that fuses with the mandibular condyle. The ____ cartilage is a transient growth cartilage that disappears long before birth.

A

condylar, coronoid

36
Q

Most of the condylar cartilage is replaced by bone through ____ ossification

A

endochondral

37
Q

Mutations in the TCOF1 gene are responsible for most cases of treacher collins syndrome. The product of this gene is a protein called ___ , which is necessary for preventing apoptosis and maintaining proliferation in neural crest cells.

A

treacle

38
Q

Epibranchial placodes are specialized regions of surface ectoderm that invaginate to contribute to the formation of the sensory ganglia for which cranial nerves?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

39
Q

What are specialized regions of surface ectoderm that invaginate to contribute to the formation of the sensory ganglia for cranial nerves 5,7,9 and 10?

A

epibranchial placodes

40
Q

Which cranial nerve will supply tissues from the first arch, including muscles of mastication?

A

5 (trigeminal)

41
Q

Which cranial nerve will innervate the muscles of facial expression?

A

7 (facial)

42
Q

Which 2 cranial nerves will innervate muscles involved in swallowing?

A

9 (glossopharyngeal) + 10 (vagus)

43
Q

What is the fate of pharyngeal clefts 2,3 and 4?

A

They fuse to temporarily form a cervical sinus that eventually disappears

44
Q

What is derived from the first pharyngeal pouch?

A

tympanic membrane + eustachian canal

45
Q

What is derived from the second pharyngeal pouch?

A

palatine tonsils + tonsillar fossa

46
Q

What is derived from the third pharyngeal canal?

A

inferior parathyroid gland + thymus

47
Q

What is derived from the fourth pharyngeal canal?

A

superior parathyroid gland + ultimobranchial body (Parafollicular/C cells)

48
Q

What forms if the cervical sinus from clefts 2, 3, and 4 is not completely obliterated? Where?

A

lateral cervical cysts. On the lateral side next to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

49
Q

The thyroid gland originates from a midsagittal invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium at the ____ ____. This forms the ___ duct which closes after the thyroid tissue migrates to the trachea below the larynx.

A

foramen cecum, thyroglossal duct

50
Q

What kind of cyst occurs due to remnants of oral ectoderm tissue along the migration pathway from the foramen cecum towards the larynx and trachea?

A

thyroglossal cyst

51
Q

the human face develops of the growth of what 5 prominences? What structures does each one form?

A

1) frontonasal - forehead, bridge of nose, medial and lateral nasal prominences
2) maxillary - cheeks, lateral portion of upper lip
3) medial nasal- philtrum of upper lip, crest, and tip of nose
4) lateral nasal- alae of nose
5) mandibular - lower lip

52
Q

(T/F) all facial prominences are paired except for the frontonasal prominence

A

true

53
Q

Is cleft lip more common in males or females?

A

males

54
Q

Is isolated cleft palate related to maternal age?

A

no

55
Q

Does cleft palate occur more oftern in males or females?

A

females

56
Q

Partial unilateral and bilateral clefting of the lip results from the failure of which prominences to fuse?
How about clefts involving the hard and soft palate?

A
  • maxillary and medial nasal

- palatal shelves

57
Q

1) the body of the tongue develops from which arch?
2) the root of the tongue develops from which arch?
3) The epiglottis develops from which arch?

A

1) 1
2) 3
3) 4

58
Q

The body of the tongue develops from the ___ ___ swellings and the ___ ___ of the 1st arch growing together.

A

lateral lingual swellings, tuberculum impar

59
Q

The root of the tongue develops from the ___ of the 3rd arch

A

copula

60
Q

What is it called when the tip of the tongue is divided longitudinally due to a disturbance in the developmental process?

A

bifid tongue

61
Q

What is ankyloglossia of the tongue?

A

tongue-tie, decreases mobility of the tongue

Embryology (5 decks)

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