501 Principles Of Cognitive And Behavioral Change

Question 1

Learning/Performance Distinction

Answer 1

A concept used in Behaviorism, this refers to the difference between learning a skill or behavior and the ability to perform that skill or behavior. Learning is an internal process which requires attention and retention. Performance is an external process which requires reproduction and motivation. Both are needed for mastery of a skill or behavior.

Question 2

Learned Helplessness

Answer 2

Part of behavior and conditioning, this term refers to the frequent, uncontrollable punishment which produces apathy, passivity, and depression. Learned helplessness is caused by a repeated inability to escape/avoid adverse stimuli which creates a belief that the individual isn’t capable of handling or controlling the situation. Believed to be the root cause of depression.

Question 3

In vivo Exposure

Answer 3

Used in exposure therapies, this is a type of exposure in which the client is exposed to an adverse stimulus in real life. Exposure can be graded/hierarchical or prolonged. This type of exposure elicits results more quickly bur may require more time per session. In addition this form may not be possible realistically or ethically and may be less appealing to the client.

Question 4

Iatrogenic Effects

Answer 4

A clinical term that refers to the adverse effects that can be caused by therapist or treatment. This occurs when a therapist’s treatment inadvertently creates or worsens a client’s condition. Misdiagnosis may cause these effects. In addition, treatment of some conditions and some populations carry higher risks of iatrogenic effects.

Ex: A client seeks therapy for depression. Instead of psychotherapy, the therapist proscribes antidepressants. The client experiences side effects that are worse than the depression itself. The therapist recognizes the iatrogenic effects and changes treatment plans for the client.

Question 5

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Answer 5

A third generation therapy developed by Marsha Linehan to treat chronic suicidality and Borderline Personality Disorder. This therapy suggests psychopathology stems from emotional dysregulation and lack of problem solving skills. Treatment builds skills in four areas of problem solving to create change:
1) Mindfulness
2) Interpersonal effectiveness
3) Emotional regulation
4) Distress tolerance