501 - Loss of Separation Flashcards
Functional Goal #1
In the provision of air traffic control and flight information service, all Air Traffic Services units must provide:
* Uniform application of approved standards and procedures
* Professional communications
* Full–time attentive flight monitoring and flight information services
Communication Fundamentals
Restrict communications to air traffic services messages. In all radio, interphone, SATVOICE, and telephone communications, use:
* Proper phraseology
* Phonetic alphabet and numbers, as necessary
* Correct procedures for transmitting numbers.
Glossary > Separation Minimum
A statement of the least allowable amount of lateral, longitudinal, or vertical separation to be applied
Glossary > Loss of Separation
An occurrence in which less than the authorized minimum existed or in which the minimum was not assured
Terminav > ATS Operating Irregularity
A situation that occurs when ATS are being provided and when a preliminary investigation indicates that a hazardous situation or a loss of separation may have occurred.
Glossary > Non-ATS Operating Irregularity
A situation that occurs when ATS are being provided and when a preliminary investigation indicates that a hazardous situation or loss of separation may have occurred and that ATS have not contributed to the situation.
Glossary > Occurrence
Any event that is irregular, unplanned, or non-routine in nature, including any accident, incident, or other occurrence that involves aircraft, NAV CANADA employees, or facilities or any ATS system deficiency
Terminav > Hazardous Situation
In ATS usage, an occurrence in which flight safety was jeopardized.
Glossary > TCAS (traffic alert and collision avoidance system)
A type of airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) based on a family of airborne equipment that functions independently of the ground-based ATC system to detect potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponders. There are three different versions:
* TCAS I provides traffic advisories.
* TCAS II provides traffic advisories and vertical resolution advisories (RA)
* TCAS IV, when developed, will provide traffic advisories and vertical and horizontal RAs.
TC AIM RAC 1.9 Right-of-Way – General (CARS 602.19)
(5) Where two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so and there is a risk of collision, the pilot-in-command of each aircraft shall alter its heading to the right.
Glossary > Safety Alert
Notification by an air traffic controller to an aircraft that it is at an altitude that, in the controller’s judgment, places it in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstructions, or other aircraft
Traffic, Low-Altitude, and Airspace Alerts > Traffic
If an aircraft is in unsafe proximity to another aircraft, issue a traffic alert.[3]
Upon display of a valid conflict alert advisory or in response to a loss or imminent loss of separation between identified aircraft in controlled airspace, issue a traffic alert and avoidance instructions including[4] the word IMMEDIATELY.[5][6]
Following pilot acknowledgment of an avoidance instruction, provide traffic information.
When an aircraft is climbing or descending on a clearance and conflict suppress is used in anticipation nuisance alarm, remain vigilant for possible altitude deviation.
4 When issuing avoidance instructions, enunciate clearly in an urgent tone.
6 Controller judgment is required to determine what constitutes an imminent loss of separation below 14000 feet, where conflict alert software has not been implemented.
Traffic, Low-Altitude, and Airspace Alerts > Airspace
In response to loss or imminent loss of separation from Class F airspace, issue an airspace alert and avoidance instructions, including the word IMMEDIATELY.[7]
AWF Alarms help guard against unsafe proximity to Class F airspace.
Once an aircraft penetrates the outer edge of Class F airspace, controllers should issue an advisory and not issue further avoidance instructions.
Glossary > ACAS (Airborne Collision Avoidance System)
An aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals which operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders
Glossary > RA (Resolution Advisory)
An indication given to the flight crew by the airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) or the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) recommending a manoeuvre or a manoeuvre restriction to avoid collision.
Glossary > GPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System)
An aircraft system that is intended to provide warnings to the flight crew when flying in abnormal or dangerous situations close to the ground. The system also calls out the altitude during a landing.
Glossary > TAWS (Terrain Awareness Warning System)
An aircraft system that is intended to provide a flight crew with both aural and visual alerts to aid in preventing controlled flight into terrain, obstacles, or water.
Traffic, Low-Altitude, and Airspace Alerts > ACAS/TCAS and GPWS/TAWS
If you become aware that an aircraft has deviated from an ATC clearance or instruction as a result of an ACAS/TCAS RA or GPWS/TAWS warning manoeuvre, inform your supervisor. If a pilot advises that they are responding to an ACAS/TCAS RA or GPWS/TAWS warning:
* Do not attempt to modify the aircraft flight path until the pilot reports returning to the terms of the current ATC clearance or instruction.
* Provide relevant traffic and collision avoidance information, as appropriate.
ICAO PANS-ATM advises that controllers cease to be responsible for providing separation between the aircraft responding to an RA and any other aircraft affected as a direct consequence of the manoeuvre initiated by the RA. Pilots may use the term CLEAR OF CONFLICT to advise ATC that the aircraft has completed its RA manoeuvre and has returned to its original clearance.
Resume responsibility for separation after an aircraft has responded to an ACAS/TCAS RA or GPWS/TAWS warning when both of the following have occurred:
* The pilot informs you of any of the following:
◦ The manoeuvre is complete.
◦ The aircraft has returned to its assigned altitude.
◦ The aircraft is following an alternate clearance.
* You have verified that separation exists.
Aircraft that manoeuvre as a result of an ACAS/TCAS RA or GPWS/TAWS warning and that may affect an ATC clearance notify controllers when beginning the manoeuvre or as soon as workload permits. If an aircraft manoeuvres outside the limits of its clearance, the controller is not responsible for separation between it and other aircraft, airspace protected for other aircraft, terrain, or obstructions.
ACAS/TCAS and GPWS/TAWS > Advising Traffic of Unplanned Manoeuvres
Do not assume that pilots of other aircraft in the vicinity of an aircraft responding to an RA or warning are aware of its intended manoeuvre, unless they advise that they are also responding to an ACAS/TCAS RA or GPWS/TAWS warning. Continue to provide control instructions and traffic advisories to such aircraft, as appropriate.
