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Epidemiology > 5: Why do you look for disease patterns? > Flashcards

5: Why do you look for disease patterns? Flashcards

1
Q

Survival/success of pathogen depends on a continuous chain of effective _______ from host to host

A

Transmission

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2
Q

Successful transmission requires (at least) 3 steps:
1)__________
2) Find a new host
3) Start infection in new host

A

1) Get out of host
2) Find a new host
3) Start infection in new host

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3
Q

Successful transmission requires (at least) 3 steps:
1) Get out of host
2) _____________
3) Start infection in new host

A

1) Get out of host
2) Find a new host
3) Start infection in new host

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4
Q

Successful transmission requires (at least) 3 steps:
1) Get out of host
2) Find a new host
3) ____________________

A

1) Get out of host
2) Find a new host
3) Start infection in new host

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5
Q

What are the 3 steps of successful transmission?

A

Successful transmission requires (at least) 3 steps:
1) Get out of host
2) Find a new host
3) Start infection in new host

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6
Q

Incubation period

A

The interval time between time of infection and the time when an individual shows clinical signs.
I.E. The discrepancy between the time of observing clinical sign and the animal starting to become infectious

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7
Q

Latent period

A

Interval between time of infection and the time when an individual becomes infectious

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8
Q

What is another word for latent period when describing macro-parasites?

A

Pre-patent period

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9
Q

Infectious period

A

Interval between start and end of excreting infectious agents

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10
Q

Virulence

A

Degree to which an infectious agent causes clinical disease in a particular host; expresses the severity.

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11
Q

Host infectiousness

A

Relative amount and duration of agent release

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12
Q

What are two main categories of transmission routes?

A

Horizontal and Vertical

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13
Q

What are the two categories under horizontal transmission?

A

Direct and Indirect

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14
Q

Describe vertical transmission

A

Hereditary or Congenital
Infections transmission from parent to offspring by infection of the embryo or fetus while in uteri or in ovo or through milk

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15
Q

Describe horizontal transmission

A

Infections transmitted from one host to another either from host to host by close contact or through an intermediate vehicle.

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16
Q

Contact structure influenced by:
-___________
-movements
-habitat
-behaviour

A

Contact structure influenced by:
-density
-movements
-habitat
-behaviour

17
Q

Contact structure influenced by:
-density
-____________
-habitat
-behaviour

A

Contact structure influenced by:
-density
-movements
-habitat
-behaviour

18
Q

Contact structure influenced by:
-density
-movements
-________
-behaviour

A

Contact structure influenced by:
-density
-movements
-habitat
-behaviour

19
Q

Contact structure influenced by:
-density
-movements
-habitat
-____________

A

Contact structure influenced by:
-density
-movements
-habitat
-behaviour

20
Q

Contact structure influenced by:

A

-density
-movements
-habitat
-behaviour

21
Q

Susceptibility

A

Capacity of host of getting infected by a particular pathogen

22
Q

Infectivity

A

Amount of an organism that is required to initiate infection —> minimum infectious dose

23
Q

What factors might influence the minimum infectious dose of a pathogen?

A

Species, age, sex, genotype, general condition

24
Q

What factors might influence susceptibility/infectivity?

A

Vaccination
Prophylactic treatments (e.g antibiotics)
Genetic Makeup
Other Determinants of Health

25
Q

Transmission rate (B)

A

The number of susceptible animals that will get infected by one infectious animal per unit of time

26
Q

Average duration of infectiousness (d)

A

How long an animal is expected to remain infectious

27
Q

Basic reproduction number - R naught

A

R naught = Bd
Average number of secondary infections when an infectious individual is introduced to a fully susceptible population

28
Q

R naught =

A

Bd

29
Q

What can we assume about transmission if R naught >1?

A

Each infected spreads the infection to more than one other person/animal

30
Q

What can we assume about transmission if R naught <1?

A

On average an infected does not replace itself in the infected population. Infection cannot grow.

31
Q

Epidemic curve

A

A visual representation in the form of a graph of the progression of an outbreak of a disease in a population

32
Q

Epidemic

A

An occurrence of disease in excess of its anticipated frequency

33
Q

What is the point of studying epidemic curves?

A

To understand the time trends of outbreaks, to find outliers, to get a general sense of the magnitude of an outbreak, to make predictions, and to determine the most likely time of exposure.

Epidemiology (9 decks)

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