Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Epidemiology > 2: Why do diseases happen? > Flashcards

2: Why do diseases happen? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 methods used to understand disease?

A

-Koch’s postulates
-Hill’s criteria
-Evan’s theory
-Epidemiological triad
-Causal diagrams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is etiology?

A

The study or theory of the factors that cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary disease determinants (causative factors)?

A

Primary: Major effect in inducing disease
Secondary: Predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some primary disease determinants?

A
  • Exposure to the virus
  • Genetic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some secondary disease determinants?

A
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary and secondary determinants can be _________ or ___________

A

Intrinsic; extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of intrinsic determinants?

A
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Metabolism
  • Hormonal status
  • Immunological status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some examples of extrinsic determinants?

A
  • Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi)
  • Non-infectious agents (toxins, poisons, heat/cold injuries)
  • Location
  • Climate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a monofactorial disease determinant?

A

A single factor related to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a multifactorial disease determinant?

A

Interaction between factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did some of Koch’s work include?

A
  • Identified anthrax bacillus from sheep and injected healthy sheep
  • Developed observation methods, pure culture and staining methods
  • Identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis as cause of tuberculosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Koch’s 1st postulate?

A
  1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease, but should not be found in healthy animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Koch’s 2nd postulate?

A
  1. The specific microorganism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture on artificial laboratory media
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Koch’s 3rd postulate?

A
  1. The freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Koch’s 4th postulate?

A
  1. The microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental animal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why must culture results be interpreted carefully?

A

Most microorganisms don’t cause disease even though they are present

17
Q

What are Hill’s criteria for plausible causality? (sorry there’s a lot)

A

Temporality
Strength
Biological gradient
Consistency
Specificity
Plausibility
Coherence
Analogy
Experiment (setting)

18
Q

What is temporality?

A

The cause must precede the outcome

19
Q

What is strength?

A

Strong relationship between variables (large effect size)

20
Q

What is a biological gradient?

A

Dose-response: more exposure leads to more outcome

21
Q

What is consistency?

A

The relationship is consistent in different studies and populations (involves stats)

22
Q

What is specificity?

A

Single cause for a single effect

23
Q

What is plausibility?

A

There is a biological rationale for the relationship

24
Q

What is coherence?

A

Relationship is consistent with previous knowledge

25
Q

What is analogy?

A

The relationship is comparable to other similar relationships

26
Q

What is the experiment (setting) criteria?

A

Strong criteria - randomly assigned treatment changes the clinical outcome (change in cause = change in effect)

27
Q

What are the 8 Evan’s criteria? (sorry again)

A
  1. The incidence and/or prevalence should be higher in exposed individuals than non-exposed
  2. The exposure should be more common in cases with than in those without the disease
  3. Exposure must precede the disease
  4. There should be a spectrum of measurable host response to the agent
  5. Elimination of the cause should lower the incidence of the disease
  6. Modifying the hosts response should decrease expression of the disease
  7. Disease should be reproducible experimentally
  8. All findings should make biological and epidemiological sense
28
Q

What is a causal model?

A

A is the primary determinant and B, C, D are secondary determinants. A+B+C+D together is enough to cause disease

29
Q

What makes up the epidemiological triad?

A

Agent
Host
Environment

30
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Ability of an infectious agent to cause disease in a particular hose under specific circumstances

31
Q

What is virulence?

A

Degree to which an infectious agent causes clinical disease in a particular host; expresses the severity

32
Q

What is a disadvantage of a causal pie?

A

It does not capture the dynamics of cause and effect very well

33
Q

What is an advantage of the epidemiological triad?

A

It focuses on the relationships between host, pathogen and environment

34
Q

What is the fundamental assumption of epidemiology?

A

Diseases do not distribute randomly in populations, but rather distribute in relation to their determinants

Epidemiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions