5 - Whisky/Whiskey Flashcards
1
Q
Name the five major players in whisky production
A
USA
Canada
Scotland
Ireland
Japan
2
Q
What do all major whiskies have in common?
A
They are made from grains
They are matured in oak
3
Q
How may whiskies be varied in style?
A
By varying grains, distillation strength and barrels
4
Q
What are grains?
A
Seeds produced by a number of different species of grass
5
Q
What are the most important grains used to make whisky?
A
Barley
Corn
Wheat
Rye
6
Q
Can distillers use any grains?
A
No, this is often regulated by law
7
Q
How may starch be converted to glucose by a distiller?
A
Malting or cooking
8
Q
…is typically malted, while…are cooked and then…
A
Barley
Other grains
Mixed with malted barley
9
Q
Describe the first stage of malting
A
Grains of barley are placed in a warm, damp room and they start to grow
10
Q
What happens within the barley as it begins to malt?
A
The new plant unpacks the starch granules from the net they’re stored in and releases enzymes
11
Q
What happens after a few days of malting?
A
The new growth within the barley seeds is halted by heating the grains with hot air
12
Q
What is the malt called once the shoots begin to grow?
A
Green malt
13
Q
What are barley grains called after the process of malting is complete?
A
Malted barley
14
Q
What’s the next stage after malting is complete? What’s this called?
A
It’s ground into a course flour and mixed with hot water
Mashing
15
Q
What’s the purpose of using hot water in scotch making?
A
It unrolls the starch molecules, which are then able to dissolve in the water
16
Q
What’s able to happen once the starch molecules have been unrolled in the mash?
A
The enzymes that were released by the barley during malting are able to convert the starch into glucose
17
Q
What is wort?
A
The sweet liquid resulting from mashing
18
Q
How are non-barley grains usually processed?
A
They are crushed, mixed with water and cooked at high temperature
19
Q
What must happen with other whisky grains once they’ve been cooked? Why?
A
They must be mixed with enzymes, usually from malted barley, but sometimes bought in
While the starch molecules have been ‘unpacked’ by cooking, they still need converting to glucose so that they can be fermented
20
Q
The use of…enzymes is not permitted in the production of Scotch Whisky
A
Bought in
21
Q
What happens once wort has been created?
A
It is fermented and distilled to produce a spirit
22
Q
What are the still options for a whisky producer?
A
Varied, though sometimes limited by local laws
23
Q
What is the impact on whiskies of being distilled in various ways?
A
Some have a warming, almost sharp texture with pronounced aromas, others are smoother with a medium or even light intensity
24
Q
How are whiskies typically matured?
A
They’re almost always matured in oak barrels for several years
25
How do distillers look to balance their whisky?
They want to balance the wood flavours with those from the grains
26
What is the role of blending in whisky?
It is very important
27
Describe some approaches to blending that a whisky producer may take
Some use only spirits with pronounced flavours and rely on spirits of different ages for complexity
Some blend pronounced spirits with more lightly flavoured spirits that have been distilled to a higher strength
28
What often dictates blending options available to a distiller?
Local laws
29
What is another name for whisky blending options with a pronounced character?
Flavouring spirits
30
What are the names for the liquid once wort has been fermented?
Wash/distiller's beer
31
What may occur between whisky maturation and bottling?
Colouring with caramel
32
What are the three biggest styles of whisky in the USA?
Bourbon
Tennessee Whiskey
Rye Whiskey
33
Why is rye whiskey so noteworthy?
It's down to the intensely aromatic nature of rye
34
Where must bourbon be made?
It can be made anywhere in the USA
35
Where is the vast majority of bourbon made?
In Kentucky
36
What is the grain requirement for Bourbon?
Minimum 51% corn
37
What character does corn have in whiskey?
It gives distinctive sweetcorn aromas
38
What is the term for other grains used in Bourbon?
Small grains
39
What are the characters of rye when distilled?
Spicy rye bread aromas
40
What is the most commonly used small grain in Bourbon?
Rye
41
What is sometimes used instead of rye in Bourbons?
Wheat
42
What aromas might be provided to Bourbon by using wheat?
Dough and bread aromas
43
What is the role of malted barley in Bourbon?
It's principally used for its enzymes and is used in small amounts
44
What is the name for the combination of grains used by Bourbon distillers?
The mash bill
45
How do Bourbon distillers principally influence the style of whiskey they produce?
By varying the mash bill
By blending several mash bills
46
What happens once Bourbon grains have been malted or cooked?
They are then mixed together for starch conversion
47
American distillers rely on...to create many of the fruity ester aromas
Fermentation
48
What are two significant ester aromas created by fermentation for Bourbon?
Banana
Citrus
49
Most Bourbons are distilled in...
Column stills
50
How do Bourbon distillers dictate the esters that they want to create?
By using their own unique yeast selection
51
What is required of the newly distilled Bourbon spirit?
The law requires that it is relatively low in strength
52
What must happen after a Bourbon spirit has been distilled?
It must then be matured in new charred-oak barrels
53
What is the result of Bourbon barrels being new?
The spirit is imparted with lots of flavours such as vanilla, coconut and sweet spice
54
List the common blending options for a Bourbon producer
Spirits from different mash bills and ages
Spirits matured in different parts of the warehouse
55
What is the impact on Bourbon from warehouse usually being multi-level?
Spirits get more colour and flavour from oak on the top floor where it is warmer
56
What can happen between maturation and bottling of a Bourbon
Very little. Colouring and sweetening are not permitted for Bourbon.
57
In summary, what are the three factors which result in Bourbon's typically pronounced flavours and warming, sometimes sharp texture?
The legal controls requiring a high percentage of corn, low distillation strength and the use of new oak
58
What are the main controls unique to Tennessee Whiskey?
It must be made in Tennessee
It must be charcoal filtered
59
What is the name for filtration through maple charcoal?
The Lincoln County Process
60
What does the Lincoln County Process do for the resulting whiskey?
It softens and smooths the whiskey
61
Is the Lincoln County Process mandatory for Tennessee Whiskey?
Yes, for all but one distillery
62
Does all Whiskey in Tennessee require the Lincoln County Process?
Not if it is not a Tennessee Whiskey
63
How is Rye whiskey made?
Almost identically to Bourbon, though 51% of the grains used must be rye
64
What is the result of using such a high percentage of rye in Rye whiskey?
A particularly spicy flavour
65
Describe the flavour profile of Rye whiskey
Spicy, lemon-zest, rye bread aromas from rye
Vanilla and sweet spice aromas of new oak
66
To what strength must Bourbon not be distilled above?
80% abv
67
What is the minimum ageing requirement for Bourbon?
There isn't one
68
What is the average amount of time Bourbons are usually aged for?
Four years
69
What does 'Straight' mean on a bottle of Bourbon? What else might this apply to?
That the whiskey has been aged for at least two years in new oak and that no colour or flavour has been added
Rye whiskey
70
What might 'Small batch' mean on a bottle of Bourbon?
It is sometimes used to indicate a higher quality product
It can also indicate a blend from small number of selected casks
71
What might 'Single barrel' indicate on a bottle of USA whiskey?
Made from just one barrel which the producer judges to be exceptional
72
What are the two main rules around age statements in USA whiskey?
If it contains a whiskey less than four years old, this must be specified
The age must indicate the youngest spirit in the blend whenever shown
73
How is 'proof' calculated?
It is always double the ABV
74
Why is 'Straight' not a necessary term for Tennessee whiskey?
Because they must all comply with these rules anyway
75
Roughly describe Jack Daniels Old No. 7
Smooth with aromas of sweetcorn, banana and vanilla
76
What is sour mash?
It is a process whereby the acidic residue in the base of the column still has been added back to the fermenter
77
What are the key points surrounding the term 'bottled in bond'?
Made in one distillery in one year
Aged for minimum of four years in wood
Nothing but water can be added
Must be bottled to 100 proof
78
What is the key difference between most Canadian whiskies and USA whiskies?
Blending tends to happen after maturation in Canada (as opposed to mixing grains during fermentation as is customary in the USA)
79
What is a particularly common approach to whiskey making in Canada?
To blend distillates
Making a base whiskey (high strength, light intensity, column spirit made from corn)
Making a pronounced, low strength 'flavouring whiskey', typically from rye
80
What are the most important styles of Scotch Whisky?
Single Malt
Blended
81
What are the legal minimums for creating Scotch?
All must be distilled, matured and bottled in Scotland
Maturation in oak for a minimum of three years
Caramel colour may be added, but they may not be sweetened
82
What are the main restrictions surrounding Single Malt Whisky?
Must only be made using malted barley
Distilled in pot stills (often double)
Fermented and distilled in a single distillery
83
...are complex blends made from a mix of older and younger whiskies
Single Malt Scotch Whiskies
84
What does barley give to a Single Malt Scotch?
A distinct flavour of malt and cereal
85
What additional flavour may be contributed by barley?
Smoke, from peat
86
What is peat?
Damp, partly decayed vegetation, found in boggy areas
87
How is peat treated?
It is cut from the ground, dried and burned
88
What stage of the distillation process might peat be used for?
To create the heat needed at the end of malting
89
How might the shape of a pot still affect the flavour/style of a Single Malt Scotch?
A taller still allows for more reflux in the swan neck, causing heavier fractions to fall back in and a lighter spirit to result
90
In a shorter still there is...reflux
Creating spirits with...aromas
Less
More pronounced
91
New oak is...used in Scotland
Rarely
92
What kinds of barrels are preferred in Scotland?
Used barrels which have been used by another distiller or winemaker
93
T or F: Scotch producers tend to only use their barrels once
False
They tend to re-use their barrels several times
94
Where are the majority of Scotch barrels from?
The American whiskey industry
95
What kinds of flavours might be imparted by a used American whiskey barrel?
Subtle coconut, vanilla and spice
96
Where else might Scotch producers be likely to source their barrels?
Jerez
97
What might impact a Scotch in relation to Sherry barrels?
Flavour and colour
98
What are the flavours most commonly linked with using Sherry barrels to mature Scotch?
Dried fruit and orange peel
99
How might barrel choices contribute to complexity in a Scotch whisky?
Sherry and Bourbon barrel types and ages may be used
100
What is wood finishing? What does it do?
An optional final stage of barrel maturation used in Scotch production
It adds flavour and sometimes colour to the Whisky
101
Where might finishing barrels most likely have come from?
Sherry or Port
102
What is a Blended Scotch Whisky?
A blend of at least one Single Malt Whisky and one Single Grain Whisky
103
What is a Single Grain Whisky?
Typically made from malted barley with either corn or wheat
Distilled to a high strength in a column still
Light flavour intensity
104
For what purpose are the majority of grain whiskies sold?
Use in Blended Scotch Whisky
105
How are blended whiskies typically composed?
From different single grains and single malts
106
Most blended whiskies are typically little more than...old
Three years
107
Some of the most expensive Scotch Whiskies in the world are...
Blended
108
Name Scotland's Whisky regions in order from South to North
Lowland
Campbelltown
Islay
Highland
Speyside
109
...are rarely shown on the labels of blended whiskies
Regions
110
What is the only relatively reliable region-indicator as regards Scotch Whisky style?
Islay
Mostly smoky
111
What does Cask Strength mean on a bottle of Whisky?
It means the Whisky is undiluted with water
112
What is the Irish style of whiskey?
It can vary from characterful pot still styles, to lighter column-distilled whiskeys dominated by corn or wheat
113
What is the name for an Irish whiskey making use of different styles?
Irish Blended Whiskey
114
The use of...is much less common in Irish Whiskey
Peat
115
There are...types of pot-distilled whiskey in Ireland...
Two
Irish Malt Whiskey and Irish Pot Still Whiskey
116
What is Irish Malt Whiskey?
It is made from 100% malted barley
117
What is Irish Pot Still Whiskey?
It must be made using unmalted barley as part of the mash bill
118
Describe the flavour of unmalted barley and its role in Irish whiskey
Has a distinct nutty and oily character
Important part of the Irish distilling tradition
119
What is a key difference in the distilling of Irish whiskey?
Triple pot still distillation
120
What is the effect of a third distillation in Irish whiskey?
It produces a lighter, purer style of whiskey
121
T or F: Distillers are NOT required to use triple distillation in making Irish whiskey
True
Double pot distillation is also still used
122
Whisky making in Japan is directly inspired by...
The Scottish production model
123
In Japan, distillers produce grain whiskies in...and malt whiskies in...
Column stills
Pot stills
124
What kind of Whisky does Japan produce?
Malt whiskies AND blended whiskies
125
What is a key missing attribute of the whisky industry in Japan, which differentiates it from other whisky producing countries? What is the result?
There is no trade between distilleries
Each distillery has to produce all of the spirits they need
126
What is the typical difference in flavour between whiskies of Japan and those of Scotland?
Japanese whiskys are traditionally purer in style with fewer of the overt malty cereal flavours found in Scotch Whisky
127
What is the new generation of distillers in Japan producing?
A much wider spectrum of styles and flavours
128
...are not defined by Japanese law?
Many of the familiar labelling terms for Whisky
129
T or F: All Japanese whiskies must be made in Japan?
False
Many are composed of whiskies made outside of Japan
130
What is the JSLMA?
Japanese Spirits and Liqueurs Makers Association
131
What has the JSLMA done for Japanese Whisky?
Created a definition of Japanese Whisky, stating that it must be made and matured in Japan
132
When did the JSLMA create their rule? To be implemented by when?
2021
The end of March 2024
133
To whom does JSLMA's ruling apply?
Only members of the JSLMA (though this includes all major producers)
