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BIOLOGY > 5 use of biological resources > Flashcards

5 use of biological resources Flashcards

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1
Q

how can selective breeding develop plants with desired characteristics?

A
  • decrease resistance in food crops
  • increase crop yield
  • more weather tolerant
  • better tasting food
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2
Q

how can selective breeding develop animals with desired characteristics?

A
  • needs variation to take place
  • use the offspring with the best combination of features
  • produced for size
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3
Q

negatives of selective breeding in animals:

A
  • reduces genetic diversity
  • increased incidence of genetic conditions
  • increased vulnerability to disease/ predation/ natural disaster
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4
Q

how can glasshouses and polythene tunnels be used increase crop yield?

A
  • increase light
  • increase CO2
  • increase humidity
  • control temp
  • monitor pH of soil
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5
Q

what does increased carbon dioxide do in glasshouses?

A
  • produced during respiration
  • used during photosynthesis
  • more CO2= more photosynthesis
  • more photosynthesis= higher crop yield
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6
Q

what does increased temperature do in glasshouses?

A
  • increases rate of respiration + photosynthesis
  • increases rate of growth
  • increases enzyme activity
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7
Q

how can the use of fertiliser increase crop yield?

A
  • plant food which contains mineral ions for plant growth
  • can be organic or inorganic
  • extra mineral ions
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8
Q

advantages of using biological control:

A
  • more natural
  • no resistance formed
  • no need to reapply- cheaper
  • pest specific
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9
Q

disadvantages of using biological control:

A
  • can go wrong- predators start eating crops
  • takes a while to reduce population
  • not all pests eaten
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10
Q

advantages of using pesticides:

A
  • fast acting
  • immediate effect
  • targets and kills the entire population
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11
Q

disadvantages of using pesticides:

A
  • need to reapply
  • may kill other species
  • toxic to food chain- may cause bioaccumulation
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12
Q

role of yeast in the production of food:

A
  • releases carbon dioxide to make bread rise
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13
Q

practical: investigate the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions:

A
  • effect of temp
  • higher temp= faster respiration
  • until enzymes denatured
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14
Q

role of lactobacillus in yoghurt production?

A
  • bacteria use lactose to respire anaerobically, producing lactic acid, this causes a fall in pH, which denatures proteins and causes them to coagulate
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15
Q

what is an industrial fermenter used for?

A
  • to grow micro- organisms on an industrial scale
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16
Q

what is the purpose of a cooling jacket on an industrial fermenter?

A
  • keeps enzymes working at optimum temperature
  • reduces temperature after respiration heats up contents as respiration produces heat
17
Q

why is it important to maintain aseptic conditions in an industrial fermenter?

A
  • to prevent unwanted micro organisms
18
Q

why is it important to add air and nutrients to the fermenter regularly?

A
  • air- allows oxygen for aerobic respiration
  • glucose- for respiration
  • amino acids- for growth
19
Q

why is it important to maintain the optimal temperature and pH for the growth of a microorganism in an industrial fermenter?

A
  • so enzymes don’t denature
  • measure by electric probe
20
Q

why is it important to stir the contents of an industrial fermenter regularly?

A
  • stops contents from settling to the bottom
  • stops condition becoming anaerobic
21
Q

how to promote growth of fish:

A
  • high lipid and high protein food to promote rapid growth
  • regular feeding and small amounts- ensure that most gets eaten
  • selective breeding to grow desirable fish
22
Q

issues with breeding different fish:

A
  • interspecific competition
  • predation
23
Q

what is interspecific competition?

A
  • differed species will compete for food and some species will be wiped out- could place species in different ponds/ tanks
24
Q

what is predation?

A
  • carnivorous species will prey on other fish- could place cover over ponds to reduce predation from birds
25
Q

issues with too many fish in one pond:

A
  • intraspecific competition
  • infectious diseases
26
Q

what is infraspecific competition?

A
  • larger fish will outcompete smaller fish for food, large individuals may prey on smaller individuals
27
Q

what are infectious diseases in fish farming?

A

parasites and pathogens
spread quickly if fish are too close together- could separate fish by age and size, remove dead or infected fish and treat the water with antibiotics to kill the bacteria

28
Q

what is biodiversity

A
  • variety of living organisms in a particular habitat
29
Q

practical: investigate the distribution of organisms in their habitats and measure biodiversity using quadrats:

A
  • quadratic practical
30
Q

effects of deforestation:

A
  • leaching
  • soil erosion
  • disturbance of evapotranspiration
  • disturbance of carbon cycle
  • disturbance of the balance of atmospheric gases
31
Q

consequences of polluting water by sewage:

A
  • provides good nutrients of bacteria
  • bacteria therefore multiply rapidly
  • use up oxygen as they are respiring
  • increases biological oxygen demand
  • this decreases the overall level of oxygen and kills fish as they cannot respire
  • can also lead to eutrophication
32
Q

consequences of carbon monoxide:

A
  • binds with haemoglobin in blood- stops oxygen from binding- can’t transport oxygen so can’t respire
33
Q

consequences of sulphur dioxide:

A
  • dissolves in water to form dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid
  • this rain then has a damaging effect on trees, freshwater and soils
  • effects enzymes
34
Q

consequences of leaching from soil:

A
  • causes eutrophication
  • this decreases oxygen, kills fish and organisms

BIOLOGY (12 decks)

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