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Year 2 - HN&S anatomy > 5 - Upper airway, digestive tract and auditory apparatus > Flashcards

5 - Upper airway, digestive tract and auditory apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the conchae?

A

also called the turbinate bones

specialised bones that stick out into the nasal cavity

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2
Q

What type of epithelium lines the conchae?

A

Respiratory Epithelium

It increases the surface area for warming and humidifying the inspired air

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3
Q

What name is given to the gaps between conchae?

A

Meati (superior, middle, inferior)

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4
Q

Give the locations on the specific meati

A

superior meatus - between the superior and middle conchae
middle meatus - between the middle and inferior conchse
inferior meatus - inferior to the inferior concha

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5
Q

What are the functions of the sinuses?

A
  • warm and humidify the air
  • immunological - help trap pathogens
  • important in the drainage route of the sinuses
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6
Q

What is the auditory/eustachian tube?

A

(also called the pharyngotympanic tube)

a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

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7
Q

What is the name of the space superior to the superior concha?

A

Sphenoethmoidal Recess

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8
Q

Which sinus drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

Sphenoidal Sinus

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9
Q

What action does the epiglottis perform to close off the laryngeal inlet?

A

Retroflexion

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10
Q

What is the role of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube)?

A

Equalises the pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane by allowing a connection between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

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11
Q

Name the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • to reduce the weight of the skull
  • to provide a crumple zone
  • help produce resonant sound and project the voice
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12
Q

What significant structure is found inferior to the middle nasal concha?

Describe it

A

Semilunar Hiatus

a crescent-shaped groove in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It is the location of the openings for the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and anterior ethmoidal sinus.

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13
Q

What is the main nerve of sensation to the face?

A

trigeminal nerve (V)

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14
Q

Describe the innervation of the nasal cavities

A 
trigeminal nerve
- V1 = anterior region
- V2 = posterior region
olfactory nerve = olfaction
facial nerve = glands
sympathetic nerves (from T1) = vascular smooth muscle
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15
Q

What nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?

A

trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Why is the blood supply of the nasal sinuses clinically significant?

A

the various sinuses drain into the cranial cavity

mean that pathogens from the air can enter into the cranial cavity - infection can have devastating consequences

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17
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

Into the sphenoethmoidal recess

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18
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain and what is its role?

A

To the lateral wall of the inferior meatus

It drains tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity (hence sniffling accompanies crying)

19
Q

What is the primary function of the larynx?

A

to close off the airways when swallowing occurs

20
Q

Through which membrane is a cricothyroidotomy performed?

A

Cricothyroid ligament

21
Q

What important cartilage is found attached to the top of the cricoid cartilage (from posterior aspect)?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

22
Q

What effect does tilting the thyroid cartilage forwards have on the vocal folds? Which muscles perform this action?

A

Puts tension on the vocal folds

Cricothyroid muscles

23
Q

What two things do the cricoid cartilage articulate with?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

Inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage

24
Q

What name is given to the protrusion between the laminae of the thyroid cartilage and what notches are found above and below this point?

A

Laryngeal prominence

Superior and inferior thyroid notch

25
Q

What are the two folds in the mucosa in the laryngeal inlet and how are they arranged?

A 
Vestibular Fold (false vocal fold) 
Vocal Fold (true vocal fold) 
Vestibular folds are lateral to the vocal folds
26
Q

What membranous outpouching is formed between the two folds of the laryngeal inlet (vestibular and vocal folds?

A

Laryngeal ventricle and laryngeal saccule

27
Q

Which muscles are attached only to the arytenoids?

A

Transverse and Oblique Arytenoid muscles

28
Q

Which muscles are involved in abducting and adducting the vocal folds?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle – abduction (outwards)

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle – adduction (inwards)

29
Q

What is the function the cricothyroid muscles?

A

its action (shortening) tilts the thyroid forward to help tense the vocal cords

30
Q

How does the vocals muscle differ in function to the rest of the muscles?

A

reduces tension and bring the thyroid cartilage closer to the cricoid - the thyroid tilts back
(could be considered an antagonist muscle of the cricothyroid muscle)

31
Q

Which nerve provides sensory and motor control of the larynx?

A

Vagus Nerve

32
Q

What are the different laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve and what do these branches do?

A

Superior Laryngeal Nerve – separates into internal and external laryngeal
—–> Internal Laryngeal – sensory above the vocal folds
—–> External Laryngeal – motor to cricothyroid muscles
Recurrent Laryngeal – sensory below the vocal folds + motor to all other muscles of the larynx

33
Q

Which arteries do the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves run alongside?

A

Superior – Superior thyroid artery

Recurrent – Inferior thyroid artery

34
Q

Why is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve more susceptible to damage by bronchial/oesophageal tumours and swollen mediastinal lymph nodes than the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Because the left recurrent laryngeal nerve branches off the vagus much more inferiorly than the right so it has more of its length that is near the bronchus, oesophagus and mediastinal lymph nodes

35
Q

What are the common changes that occur during sneezing and coughing?

A

Inspiration
Closed glottis and contraction of abdominal muscles
Increase in intrathoracic pressure
Sudden abduction of the vocal folds to release the intrathoracic pressure

36
Q

What is the difference in the oropharyngeal isthmus in coughing compared to sneezing?

A

In coughing, the oropharyngeal isthmus is open

When sneezing, it is closed

37
Q

How is the movement of the soft palate different in cough reflex compared to a sneeze?

A

Cough – soft palate is raised and tensed against the posterior wall of the pharynx
Sneeze – soft palate is depressed against the tongue

38
Q

Which afferents take information from laryngeal receptors to trigger the cough reflex?

A

Vagus

39
Q

Which afferents take information from laryngeal receptors to trigger the sneeze reflex?

A

V2 - Maxillary branch of the Trigeminal nerve

40
Q

The soft palate is depressed against the tongue when sneezing to prevent the release of the pressure through the mouth. Which nerve and muscles are involved in this?

A

Vagus – palatoglossus/palatopharyngeus

41
Q

What happens to the vocal folds when sneezing and coughing?

A

They abduct

42
Q

What is the significance of the mastoid air cells in infection?

A

provide another route of infection to the cranial cavity

ear infection -> infection of the mastoid process -> destruction of air cells can erode into the cranial cavity

43
Q

Name the arteries that that supply the superior parts of the nasal cavity and branch from arteries in the cranial cavity, providing a possible route of infection from the air

A

anterior ethmoidal artery

posterior ethmoidal artery

44
Q

What are the mastoid air cells and describe their connection with the middle ear.

A

They are small sinuses within the mastoid part of the temporal bone
The mastoid air cells communicate with the middle ear via the aditus ad antrum (aditus to mastoid antrum) and the mastoid antrum
This is a possible route for infection of the middle ear

Year 2 - HN&S anatomy (7 decks)

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