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Year 2 - HN&S anatomy > 1 - Cranium, meninges and spine > Flashcards

1 - Cranium, meninges and spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A

22 (excluding the ossicles of the ear)

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2
Q

What are the 3 main areas of the skull that we can classify when identifying bones?

A
  • mandible
  • cranium
  • facial skeleton (viserocranium - anterior)
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3
Q

What is another name for the facial skeleton?

A

Visceroskeleton (anterior bones of the face)

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium?

A

Vault and Base

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5
Q

Name all the cranial bones.

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

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6
Q

Name all the facial bones.

A

Mandible, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Vomer, Palatine

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7
Q

The saggital suture is the joint between _____

A

the 2 parietal bones

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8
Q

The coronal suture is the joint between _____

A

the frontal bone and the 2 parietal bones

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9
Q

The lamboid suture is the joint between _____

A

the occipital bone and the (mastoid part of) 2 parietal bones

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10
Q

Give the names of the sutures between

a) frontal and parietal bones
b) parietal bones
c) parietal and occipital bone.

A

a) Coronal Suture
b) Sagittal Suture
c) Lambdoid Suture

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11
Q

What is the shape of the sphenoid bone and what its two parts?

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

Butterfly shaped – it has a greater and lesser wing

it is at the back of the orbit and side of the skull

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12
Q

Which bone has the upper teeth attached to it?

A

Maxilla

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13
Q

What are the gaps between the bones in the skull during development called?

A

Fontanelles

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14
Q

What is the anterior fontanelle?

When does it close?

A

the ‘soft spot’
where the frontal and parietal bones have not yet fused in a baby

closes between 18-24 months

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15
Q

What is the posterior fontanelle?

When does it close?

A

between the parietal and occipital bones in a baby

closes during the first 2-3 months

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16
Q

What is the bregma?

A

foetus - anterior fontanelle

the anatomical point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture.

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17
Q

What is the lambda?

A

foetus - posterior fontanelle

the point of meeting of the sagittal and the lambdoid sutures

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18
Q

What is another name for the conchae and what is their role?

A

Turbinate Bones – they increase the surface area of the upper respiratory tract

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19
Q

What are the tough fibrous joints between bones in the skull called?

A

Sutures

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20
Q

What is the name given to the point at which the sagittal suture meets the coronal suture?

A

bregma

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21
Q

What is the name given to the point at which the sagittal suture meets the lambdoid suture?

A

lambda

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22
Q

What comes through the mental foramina (chin)? What does it innervate?

A

the trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch

sensory innervation of the chin

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23
Q

what comes through the infraorbital foramen and what does it innervate?

A

trigeminal nerve

supplies the cheek

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24
Q

What is the pterion?

What can arise as a result of trauma to the pterion?

A

where 4 bones of the skull come together - thinner and weaker bone

just behind the pterion in the cranial cavity is the middle meningeal artery, which could be ruptured if a fracture occurs at the pterion —–> haemorrhage —–> extradural haematoma —–> stroke

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25
Q

What is the midline protrusion of the occipital bone called? (that can be palpated)?

A

extra occipital protuberance

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26
Q

Where is the occipitomastoid suture?

A

between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone
it is continuous with the lambdoidal suture

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27
Q

What passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

where the facial nerve (CN VII) emerges from the base of the skull (the facial canal terminates before here)

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28
Q

What are the occipital condyle?

A

at the base of the skull which articulate with the first vertebra

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29
Q

What is the vomer?

A

the small, thin bone separating the left and right nasal cavities

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30
Q

How can the cranial base be divided?

A

Anterior, Middle and Posterior Cranial Fossae

31
Q

Describe the petrous part of the temporal bone

A
  • pyramid-shaped
  • wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones
  • it is one of the densest/hardest bones in the body
32
Q

What does the sphenoidal crest signify with reference to the fossae?

A

denotes the posterior edge of the anterior cranial fossae

33
Q

What does the superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone signify with reference to the fossae?

A

denotes the posterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa

34
Q

What is the crista galli?

A

the upper part of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, which rises above the cribriform plate. The falx cerebri attaches to the crista galli.

35
Q

What passes through the foramina of the cruciform plate?

A

olfactory nerves pass through the base of the skull to synapse with the olfactory bulbs

36
Q

What is the tuberculum sellae?

A

the ridged process of the sphenoid bone which forms the anterior wall of the sella turcica (the pituitary fossa)

37
Q

What sits in the middle cranial fossa?

A

temporal lobes of the brain

38
Q

In which bone are lots of the foramina?

A

sphenoid

39
Q

What is the superior orbital fissure?

A

(strictly more of a cleft)
lies between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid
the communication between the cavernous sinus and the apex of the orbit

40
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

where the brainstem is continuous with the skull

41
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm?

A

50% of the optic fibres cross over

42
Q

List the cranial nerves in order

A 
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II) 
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
43
Q

List all the cranial nerves and the foramine through which they pass.

A

Olfactory (I) – Cribiform Plate
Optic (II) – Optic Canal
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (ophthalmic – V1 (V)) and Abducens (VI) – Superior Orbital Fissure
Facial (VII) and Vestibulocochlear (VIII) – Internal Acoustic Meatus
Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X) and Accessory (XI) – Jugular Foramen (cranial part of the medulla)
Hypoglossal (XII) – Hypoglossal Canal

44
Q

Where can the olfactory bulbs be found?

A

on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe of the brain

45
Q

what is the function of the olfactory bulbs?

A

carry signals from the nose to the brain

46
Q

where does the oculomotor nerve arise from?

A

from the space between the 2 cerebral peduncles

47
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve emerge?

A

from between the pyramids and the olives

48
Q

What is the cribriform plate (of ethmoid)?

A

very thin layer of bone

olfactory nerves pass through

49
Q

What passes though the optic canal? (1 vessel, 1 nerve)

A

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

50
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic div. of trigeminal (V1), abducent (VI), superior ophthalmic vein

51
Q

What passes through the foramen rotunda?

A

Maxillary division of trigeminal (V2)

52
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular div. of trigeminal (V3)

53
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

(greater petrosal nerve - Artery and Nerve of the Pterygoid Canal)
The internal carotid artery travels along its superior surface but does not cross it - it passes through the carotid canal

54
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

55
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII), labyrinthine artery

56
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory n (XI), sigmoid sinus (continuous with int jugular v)

57
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal (XII)?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

58
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Vertebral arteries, medulla of brain, spinal roots of accessory nerve

59
Q

List the three branches of the trigeminal nerve and the foramina through which they pass.

A

Ophthalmic (V1) – Superior Orbital Fissure
Maxillary (V2) – Foramen Rotundum
Mandibular (V3) – Foramen Ovale

60
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges? Briefly describe the properties of the layers

A
  • dura mater - 2 layers - thick and inelastic
  • arachnoid mater - elastic with spider projections
  • pia mater - innermost, delicate, thin (2/3 cells thick)
61
Q

What are the two layers of dura in the cranium?

A

periosteal and meningeal

62
Q

Give the multiple functions of the dura

A
  • rigid structure holding the brain in place

- forms the venous sinuses

63
Q

Which layer of the meninges goes in and out of the sulci?

A

Pia Mater

64
Q

What difference between the cranial dura and spinal dura allows for an epidural space?

A

At the foramen magnum the dura goes from having two layers (periosteal and meningeal) to just one layer (equivalent of the meningeal layer). This means that there is an epidural space in the spinal chord, and not in the cranium.

65
Q

What are the 2 dural folds/reflections?

A
  • The tentorium cerebelli exists between and separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
  • The falx cerebri, which separates the two hemispheres of the brain, is located in the longitudinal cerebral fissure between the hemispheres.
66
Q

List three different types of brain herniation and their consequences.

A

Subfalcine – part of the frontal lobe goes under the falx cerebri
(NO clinically significant)

Transtentorial (uncle) herniation - temporal lobe goes under the tentorium cerebelli - affects the midbrain and can cause unconsciousness

Tonsilar – cerebellar tonsils go through the foramen magnum – this can affect the medulla and cause cardiorespiratory failure

67
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the brain (from inferior to superior)

A
  • vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries in the neck
  • fusion of vertebral arteries to form the basilar arteries
    CIRCLE OF WILLIS:
  • posterior cerebral arteries (bifurcation of basilar artery)
  • posterior communicating arteries
  • middle cerebral arteries (form internal carotid)
  • anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior communicating artery (ONLY 1)
68
Q

Which two main vessels supply the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries

69
Q

Describe the arrangement of dural venous sinuses and the direction of blood flow.

A
  • There is a separation between the dural layers at the top of the falx forming the superior sagittal sinus.
  • There is another separation at the bottom of the falx forming the inferior sagittal sinus.
  • inferior sagittal sinus —–> straight sinus —–> confluence of sinuses (along with superior sagittal sinus, and transverse sinuses)
  • The blood drains to the confluence of sinuses and then along the transverse sinuses to the sigmoid sinus, which then forms the internal jugular vein.
70
Q

In which fossa is the cavernous sinus?

A

middle cranial fossa

71
Q

Name the 1 vessel and 5 nerves that pass though the cavernous sinus

A

internal carotid artery

CN III - oculomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN VI - abducens
CN V1 - Opthalmic 
CN V2 - maxillary
72
Q

Name three structures found within the cavernous sinus.

A

Internal carotid artery
Various cranial nerves (occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal (ophthalmic and maxillary divisions) and abducens)
Pituitary Gland

73
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery arise from?

And what does it supply?

A

from the maxillary artery
which itself is a branch of the external carotid artery

supplies most of the dura adherent to the superior cranium

Year 2 - HN&S anatomy (7 decks)

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