5 repair

Question 1

what types of comm problems are there? (Schegloff, Jefferson, & Sacks, 1977)

Answer 1

Speaking, hearing and understanding

Appropriateness

Question 2

Repair initiation

Answer 2

can question something someone has said ‘pardon?’

Question 3

process of repair

Answer 3

problem source

repair initiation

repair solution

Question 4

3 places for repair initiation

Answer 4

same-turn repair initiation

transition space repair initiation

next-turn repair initiation

Question 5

same turn repair initiation

Answer 5

(e.g. ‘weh-‘ repaired to ‘today’)

- Speakers always get the first opportunity to spot and repair a problem in their own talk They are in control of their own turn until the point where it arrives at a place of possible completion (because of the one-at-a-time rule seen in week 3)

self-monitoring

Question 6

transition space repair initiation

Answer 6

speakers’ last opportunity to address a problem source before the next speaker starts their turn

Question 7

next-turn repair initiation

Answer 7

A states a problem source, B may ask for elaboration (initiating repair) , A then completes repair solution

research suggests people five interlocutors opportunities to repair their own talk, rather than repairing it for them when possible

Question 8

Sign language: Repair - Manrique & Enfield, 2015

Answer 8

• Study of Argentinian Sign language
  • Problems with signing, seeing, and understanding commonly happen
  • The freeze-look is a practice to initiate repair in the next turn
  • When expected to respond to an initiating action, the participant holds body and manual articulators still whilst gazing at their interlocutor

Question 9

joint intentionality

Answer 9

• Joint intentionality requires shared understanding of what is going on
  
  • Mis-hearings/seeings and misunderstandings are possible and threaten shared understanding
  • Restoring shared understanding is essential
  • Communicative self-monitoring and other-monitoring through practices of repair help maintain/restore shared understanding

Question 10

example of misgendering (Pino & Edmonds, 2024)

Answer 10

same turn repair initiation from allison hammond

can also be corrected by others, next turn repair

Question 11

An action implemented through repair - correction

Answer 11

look at cases where a recipient directly repairs someone’s talk, without initiating repair on it (this is also known as correction)

Question 12

Correcting others:

Answer 12

• Corrections can be implemented through repair, but some corrections do not involve repair (Bolden, 2024)
  • Drawing attention to errors in someone’s talk or conduct can implicitly point to a lack of competence on their part
  • This is why sometimes people forego correcting others
    (Jefferson, 1987; Robinson, 2006)

Question 13

Land & Kitzinger 2005: 3 ways of dealing with heterosexist assumptions

Answer 13

• letting the problem pass (may not initiate repair)
• exposed correction: make the communication problem very evident, pausing the convo to deal with it (may trigger an apology)
• embedded correction (e.g. next turn switching from ‘he’ to ‘she’ as a way of subtly correcting speaker A) does not interrupt flow of convo or invite an explicit apology (CORRECTIONS CAN BE DONE WITHOUT REPAIR)

Question 14

Summary: different ways of doing corrections

Answer 14

• Correcting others’ talk can be challenging
  
  • In the case of misgendering, we can do so in different ways:
  • An exposed correction may trigger an apology (or some other kind of response)
  • An embedded correction gives the other person the opportunity to use the right pronoun and move on
  • Making mistakes is normal; if someone corrects you for referring to someone in the wrong way, simply apologise, start using the right term, and move on

Question 15

Summary:

Answer 15

• Communication requires a constant calibration of speakers’ understandings (joint intentionality)
  
  • Problems of speaking/signing, hearing/seeing, understanding, and appropriateness are common
  • There is a set of communicative practices (repair) that allow speakers to locate and resolve communication problems
  • Three places for initiating repair in conversation
  • The current speaker always gets the first opportunity
  • Sometimes, we need to correct other people’s mistakes
  • Different ways of doing so have different consequences:
  • Exposed correction (uses practices of repair)
  • Embedded correction (does not involve practices of repair)

Question 16

reading: self-initiated repair vs other-initiated repair

Answer 16

repair can be initiated and completed by the person themselves, or someone could ask for elaboration before the 1st speaker completes the repair

Question 17

reading: news receipt

Answer 17

often said by person B after A has completed a repair - make it clear the persona has understood the new info that has been offered

e.g. “oh yeah”

the job of repair is shared; a joint action

Question 18

reading: 2 different types of repair initiation: weak and strong

Answer 18

weak: vague, ‘huh?’ “Sorry?,” “Excuse me?,” and “Pardon me?”
- requires a more detailed repair - usually whole sentence repeated

strong: specific, ‘who?’ or asking for confirmation by repeating what was said
- requires only a specific part of a sentence to be repeated for repair to be complete (quicker)

Question 19

Schegloff et al - people prefer to use stronger initiators

Answer 19

noticed that people sometimes change from using or launching a weaker initiator, and replace it with a stronger one

○ We can guess that they were going to say “Till Monday?” or “Till when?” Both of these would require some work from Person A to clarify

- Basically aim to make as little effort for the initial speaker as possible

Question 20

reading: types of weak repair initiators

Answer 20

interjections like “huh?” - universal (not all languages have other types)

“What?” type

the formulaic type - special idioms for repair “Sorry?,” “Excuse me?,” and “Pardon me?”

Question 21

reading: attention and types of repair initiated

Answer 21

• noted whether or not the person who initiated repair had their attention on something or someone else when the trouble turn was spoken.
  • We found that when the person was involved in a parallel course of action, they would use a weak form of repair initiator about half the time. But when their attention was on the speaker, they were twice as likely to use a strong initiator, producing weak initiators only a quarter of the time.
  • The same pattern was observed in all the languages
  • Notes weak initiators used when the trouble turn is less expected
• also if a 2nd repair is initiated after a first weak one, the 2nd is more likely to be strong